Women's Health Initiative (WHI)

Summary

To address cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis, the most common causes of death, disability, and impaired quality of life in postmenopausal women. The three major components of the WHI are: a randomized controlled clinical trial of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), dietary modification (DM), and calcium/vitamin D supplementation (CaD); an observational study (OS); and a community prevention study (CPS). On October 1, 1997, administration of the WHI was transferred to the NHLBI where it is conducted as a consortium effort led by the NHLBI in cooperation with the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the National Institute on Aging (NIA).

Timeline

Start

—

Primary completion

2005-03

Completion

—

Outcome

Mixed primary results

paper lower incidence of invasive breast cancer (151 cases, 0·27% per year) compared with placebo (199 cases, 0·35% per year; HR 0·77, 95% CI 0·62-0·95; p=0·02) PMID 22401913 ↗

paper did not result in a statistically significant reduction in invasive breast cancer risk over an 8.1-year average follow-up period. PMID 16467232 ↗

Publications

• Background Rossouw JE, Hurd S. The Women's Health Initiative: recruitment complete--looking back and looking forward. J Womens Health. 1999 Jan-Feb;8(1):3-5. doi: 10.1089/jwh.1999.8.3. No abstract available.
• Background Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Control Clin Trials. 1998 Feb;19(1):61-109. doi: 10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0.
• Background Patterson RE, Kristal AR, Tinker LF, Carter RA, Bolton MP, Agurs-Collins T. Measurement characteristics of the Women's Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire. Ann Epidemiol. 1999 Apr;9(3):178-87. doi: 10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00055-6.
• Background McGowan JA, Pottern L. Commentary on the Women's Health Initiative. Maturitas. 2000 Feb 15;34(2):109-12. doi: 10.1016/s0378-5122(99)00109-7.
• Background Wassertheil-Smoller S, Anderson G, Psaty BM, Black HR, Manson J, Wong N, Francis J, Grimm R, Kotchen T, Langer R, Lasser N. Hypertension and its treatment in postmenopausal women: baseline data from the Women's Health Initiative. Hypertension. 2000 Nov;36(5):780-9. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.5.780.
• Background Wilcox S, Shumaker SA, Bowen DJ, Naughton MJ, Rosal MC, Ludlam SE, Dugan E, Hunt JR, Stevens S. Promoting adherence and retention to clinical trials in special populations: a women's health initiative workshop. Control Clin Trials. 2001 Jun;22(3):279-89. doi: 10.1016/s0197-2456(00)00130-6.
• Background Gottesman R. Medical care for minors without parental consent. Child Today. 1975 Mar-Apr;4(2):30-1. No abstract available.
• Background Hsia J, Kemper E, Sofaer S, Bowen D, Kiefe CI, Zapka J, Mason E, Lillington L, Limacher M. Is insurance a more important determinant of healthcare access than perceived health? Evidence from the Women's Health Initiative. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000 Oct;9(8):881-9. doi: 10.1089/152460900750020919.
• Background Valanis BG, Bowen DJ, Bassford T, Whitlock E, Charney P, Carter RA. Sexual orientation and health: comparisons in the women's health initiative sample. Arch Fam Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;9(9):843-53. doi: 10.1001/archfami.9.9.843.
• Background Hsia J, Kemper E, Kiefe C, Zapka J, Sofaer S, Pettinger M, Bowen D, Limacher M, Lillington L, Mason E. The importance of health insurance as a determinant of cancer screening: evidence from the Women's Health Initiative. Prev Med. 2000 Sep;31(3):261-70. doi: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0697.
• Background Larkey LK, Staten LK, Ritenbaugh C, Hall RA, Buller DB, Bassford T, Altimari BR. Recruitment of Hispanic women to the Women's Health Initiative. the case of Embajadoras in Arizona. Control Clin Trials. 2002 Jun;23(3):289-98. doi: 10.1016/s0197-2456(02)00190-3.
• Background Tinker LF, Perri MG, Patterson RE, Bowen DJ, McIntosh M, Parker LM, Sevick MA, Wodarski LA. The effects of physical and emotional status on adherence to a low-fat dietary pattern in the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jun;102(6):789-800, 888. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90178-1.
• Background Hendrix SL, Clark A, Nygaard I, Aragaki A, Barnabei V, McTiernan A. Pelvic organ prolapse in the Women's Health Initiative: gravity and gravidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jun;186(6):1160-6. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.123819.
• Background Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.321.
• Background Fletcher SW, Colditz GA. Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):366-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.366. No abstract available.
• Background Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, Siscovick DS, Mouton CP, Rifai N, Wallace RB, Jackson RD, Pettinger MB, Ridker PM. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study. JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):980-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.8.980.
• Background Manson JE, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Stefanick ML, Mouton CP, Oberman A, Perri MG, Sheps DS, Pettinger MB, Siscovick DS. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 5;347(10):716-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021067.
• Background Shikany JM, Patterson RE, Agurs-Collins T, Anderson G. Antioxidant supplement use in Women's Health Initiative participants. Prev Med. 2003 Mar;36(3):379-87. doi: 10.1016/s0091-7435(02)00050-6.
• Background Hays J, Ockene JK, Brunner RL, Kotchen JM, Manson JE, Patterson RE, Aragaki AK, Shumaker SA, Brzyski RG, LaCroix AZ, Granek IA, Valanis BG; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 8;348(19):1839-54. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030311. Epub 2003 Mar 17.
• Background Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker SA, Henderson VW, Brunner RL, Manson JE, Gass ML, Stefanick ML, Lane DS, Hays J, Johnson KC, Coker LH, Dailey M, Bowen D; WHIMS Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2663-72. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.20.2663.
• Background Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, Thal L, Wallace RB, Ockene JK, Hendrix SL, Jones BN 3rd, Assaf AR, Jackson RD, Kotchen JM, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Wactawski-Wende J; WHIMS Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2651-62. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.20.2651.
• Background Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A, Kotchen T, Curb JD, Black H, Rossouw JE, Aragaki A, Safford M, Stein E, Laowattana S, Mysiw WJ; WHI Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2673-84. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.20.2673.
• Background Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough RJ, Gilligan MA, Cyr MG, Thomson CA, Khandekar J, Petrovitch H, McTiernan A; WHI Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3243-53. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.24.3243.
• Background Gann PH, Morrow M. Combined hormone therapy and breast cancer: a single-edged sword. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3304-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.24.3304. No abstract available.
• Background Jackson M, Berman N, Huber M, Snetselaar L, Granek I, Boe K, Milas C, Spivak J, Chlebowski RT. Research staff turnover and participant adherence in the Women's Health Initiative. Control Clin Trials. 2003 Aug;24(4):422-35. doi: 10.1016/s0197-2456(03)00027-8.
• Background Howard BV, Criqui MH, Curb JD, Rodabough R, Safford MM, Santoro N, Wilson AC, Wylie-Rosett J. Risk factor clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome and its relationship to cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal white, black, hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander women. Metabolism. 2003 Mar;52(3):362-71. doi: 10.1053/meta.2003.50057.
• Background Hsia J, Barad D, Margolis K, Rodabough R, McGovern PG, Limacher MC, Oberman A, Smoller S; Women's Health Initiative Research Group. Usefulness of prior hysterectomy as an independent predictor of Framingham risk score (The Women's Health Initiative). Am J Cardiol. 2003 Aug 1;92(3):264-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00621-0.
• Background LaCroix AZ, Cauley JA, Pettinger M, Hsia J, Bauer DC, McGowan J, Chen Z, Lewis CE, McNeeley SG, Passaro MD, Jackson RD. Statin use, clinical fracture, and bone density in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jul 15;139(2):97-104. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00009.
• Background Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, Cummings SR, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, LeBoff M, Lewis CE, McGowan J, Neuner J, Pettinger M, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Watts NB; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1729-38. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.13.1729.
• Background Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM, Barad DH, Beresford SA, Pettinger M, Liu J, McNeeley SG, Lopez AM; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1739-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.13.1739.
• Background Chen Z, Pettinger MB, Ritenbaugh C, LaCroix AZ, Robbins J, Caan BJ, Barad DH, Hakim IA. Habitual tea consumption and risk of osteoporosis: a prospective study in the women's health initiative observational cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Oct 15;158(8):772-81. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg214.
• Background Hsia J, Criqui MH, Rodabough RJ, Langer RD, Resnick HE, Phillips LS, Allison M, Bonds DE, Masaki K, Caralis P, Kotchen JM; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of peripheral arterial disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation. 2004 Feb 10;109(5):620-6. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000115309.63979.92.
• Background Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Ritenbaugh C, Hubbell FA, Ascensao J, Rodabough RJ, Rosenberg CA, Taylor VM, Harris R, Chen C, Adams-Campbell LL, White E; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):991-1004. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032071.
• Background Hebert JR, Patterson RE, Gorfine M, Ebbeling CB, St Jeor ST, Chlebowski RT. Differences between estimated caloric requirements and self-reported caloric intake in the women's health initiative. Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Oct;13(9):629-37. doi: 10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00051-6.
• Background Ritenbaugh C, Patterson RE, Chlebowski RT, Caan B, Fels-Tinker L, Howard B, Ockene J. The Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification trial: overview and baseline characteristics of participants. Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Oct;13(9 Suppl):S87-97. doi: 10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00044-9. No abstract available.
• Background Harris RE, Chlebowski RT, Jackson RD, Frid DJ, Ascenseo JL, Anderson G, Loar A, Rodabough RJ, White E, McTiernan A; Women's Health Initiative. Breast cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: prospective results from the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 15;63(18):6096-101.
• Background Morimoto LM, White E, Chen Z, Chlebowski RT, Hays J, Kuller L, Lopez AM, Manson J, Margolis KL, Muti PC, Stefanick ML, McTiernan A. Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002 Oct;13(8):741-51. doi: 10.1023/a:1020239211145.
• Background Hsia J, Aragaki A, Bloch M, LaCroix AZ, Wallace R; WHI Investigators. Predictors of angina pectoris versus myocardial infarction from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Mar 15;93(6):673-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.002.
• Background Khurana C, Rosenbaum CG, Howard BV, Adams-Campbell LL, Detrano RC, Klouj A, Hsia J. Coronary artery calcification in black women and white women. Am Heart J. 2003 Apr;145(4):724-9. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2003.99.
• Background Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, Bonds D, Brunner R, Brzyski R, Caan B, Chlebowski R, Curb D, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix S, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell A, Jackson R, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller L, LaCroix AZ, Lane D, Langer RD, Lasser N, Lewis CE, Manson J, Margolis K, Ockene J, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Ritenbaugh C, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto G, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace R, Wassertheil-Smoller S; Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1701-12. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.14.1701.
• Background Hulley SB, Grady D. The WHI estrogen-alone trial--do things look any better? JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1769-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.14.1769. No abstract available.
• Background Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Shumaker SA, Brunner R, Manson JE, Sherwin BB, Hsia J, Margolis KL, Hogan PE, Wallace R, Dailey M, Freeman R, Hays J; Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004 Jun 23;291(24):2959-68. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.24.2959.
• Background Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp SR, Thal L, Lane DS, Fillit H, Stefanick ML, Hendrix SL, Lewis CE, Masaki K, Coker LH; Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004 Jun 23;291(24):2947-58. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.24.2947.
• Background Schneider LS. Estrogen and dementia: insights from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004 Jun 23;291(24):3005-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.24.3005. No abstract available.
• Background Pradhan AD, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Trevisan M, Lewis CE, Hsia JA, Oberman A, Kotchen JM, Ridker PM. Tissue plasminogen activator antigen and D-dimer as markers for atherothrombotic risk among healthy postmenopausal women. Circulation. 2004 Jul 20;110(3):292-300. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134965.73212.A6. Epub 2004 Jul 6.
• Background Fouad MN, Corbie-Smith G, Curb D, Howard BV, Mouton C, Simon M, Talavera G, Thompson J, Wang CY, White C, Young R. Special populations recruitment for the Women's Health Initiative: successes and limitations. Control Clin Trials. 2004 Aug;25(4):335-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2004.03.005.
• Background Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, Tinker L, Phillips LS, Allen C, Bassford T, Burke G, Torrens J, Howard BV; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia. 2004 Jul;47(7):1175-1187. doi: 10.1007/s00125-004-1448-x. Epub 2004 Jul 14.
• Background Naftolin F, Taylor HS, Karas R, Brinton E, Newman I, Clarkson TB, Mendelsohn M, Lobo RA, Judelson DR, Nachtigall LE, Heward CB, Hecht H, Jaff MR, Harman SM; Women's Health Initiative. The Women's Health Initiative could not have detected cardioprotective effects of starting hormone therapy during the menopausal transition. Fertil Steril. 2004 Jun;81(6):1498-501. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.095.
• Background Chen Z, Kooperberg C, Pettinger MB, Bassford T, Cauley JA, LaCroix AZ, Lewis CE, Kipersztok S, Borne C, Jackson RD. Validity of self-report for fractures among a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative observational study and clinical trials. Menopause. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):264-74. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000094210.15096.fd.
• Background Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Dietary adherence in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Apr;104(4):654-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.01.014.
• Background Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R, Rodabough RJ, Psaty BM, Stafford RS, Sidney S, Rosendaal FR; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA. 2004 Oct 6;292(13):1573-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.13.1573.
• Background Heckbert SR, Kooperberg C, Safford MM, Psaty BM, Hsia J, McTiernan A, Gaziano JM, Frishman WH, Curb JD. Comparison of self-report, hospital discharge codes, and adjudication of cardiovascular events in the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Dec 15;160(12):1152-8. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh314.
• Background Wassertheil-Smoller S, Psaty B, Greenland P, Oberman A, Kotchen T, Mouton C, Black H, Aragaki A, Trevisan M. Association between cardiovascular outcomes and antihypertensive drug treatment in older women. JAMA. 2004 Dec 15;292(23):2849-59. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.23.2849.
• Background Espeland MA, Gu L, Masaki KH, Langer RD, Coker LH, Stefanick ML, Ockene J, Rapp SR. Association between reported alcohol intake and cognition: results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Feb 1;161(3):228-38. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi043.
• Background Howard BV, Adams-Campbell L, Allen C, Black H, Passaro M, Rodabough RJ, Rodriguez BL, Safford M, Stevens VJ, Wagenknecht LE. Insulin resistance and weight gain in postmenopausal women of diverse ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Aug;28(8):1039-47. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802645.
• Background Hendrix SL, Cochrane BB, Nygaard IE, Handa VL, Barnabei VM, Iglesia C, Aragaki A, Naughton MJ, Wallace RB, McNeeley SG. Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA. 2005 Feb 23;293(8):935-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.8.935.
• Background Curb JD, McTiernan A, Heckbert SR, Kooperberg C, Stanford J, Nevitt M, Johnson KC, Proulx-Burns L, Pastore L, Criqui M, Daugherty S; WHI Morbidity and Mortality Committee. Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication methods in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Epidemiol. 2003 Oct;13(9 Suppl):S122-8. doi: 10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00048-6. No abstract available.
• Background Hsia J, Wu L, Allen C, Oberman A, Lawson WE, Torrens J, Safford M, Limacher MC, Howard BV; Women's Health Initiative Research Group. Physical activity and diabetes risk in postmenopausal women. Am J Prev Med. 2005 Jan;28(1):19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.012.
• Background Cirillo DJ, Wallace RB, Rodabough RJ, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Limacher MC, Larson JC. Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):330-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.3.330.
• Background Margolis KL, Manson JE, Greenland P, Rodabough RJ, Bray PF, Safford M, Grimm RH Jr, Howard BV, Assaf AR, Prentice R; Women's Health Initiative Research Group. Leukocyte count as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Mar 14;165(5):500-8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.5.500.
• Background Howard BV, Kuller L, Langer R, Manson JE, Allen C, Assaf A, Cochrane BB, Larson JC, Lasser N, Rainford M, Van Horn L, Stefanick ML, Trevisan M; Women's Health Initiative. Risk of cardiovascular disease by hysterectomy status, with and without oophorectomy: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Circulation. 2005 Mar 29;111(12):1462-70. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000159344.21672.FD. Epub 2005 Mar 21.
• Background Langer RD, Pradhan AD, Lewis CE, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, Hendrix SL, LaCroix AZ, Ridker PM. Baseline associations between postmenopausal hormone therapy and inflammatory, haemostatic, and lipid biomarkers of coronary heart disease. The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun;93(6):1108-16. doi: 10.1160/TH04-09-0608.
• Background Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB, Larson JC, Gass M, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Manson JE, Barnabei VM, Lane DS, Brzyski RG, Rosal MC, Wylie-Rosett J, Hays J. Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin. JAMA. 2005 Jul 13;294(2):183-93. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.2.183.
• Background Chen Z, Maricic M, Bassford TL, Pettinger M, Ritenbaugh C, Lopez AM, Barad DH, Gass M, Leboff MS. Fracture risk among breast cancer survivors: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Mar 14;165(5):552-8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.5.552.
• Background Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, Aragaki A, Cochrane BB, Brunner RL, Masaki K, Murray A, Newman AB; Women's Health Initiative. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Aug;53(8):1321-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53405.x.
• Background Michael YL, Perrin N, Bowen D, Cochrane BB, Wisdom JP, Brzyski R, Ritenbaugh C. Expression and ambivalence over expression of negative emotion:psychometric analysis in the Women's Health Initiative. J Women Aging. 2005;17(1-2):5-18. doi: 10.1300/J074v17n01_02.
• Background Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, Nygaard I, Williams RS, McGovern PG, Young RL, Wells EC, O'Sullivan MJ, Chen B, Schenken R, Johnson SR; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;105(5 Pt 1):1063-73. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000158120.47542.18.
• Background Stefanick ML, Prentice RL, Anderson G, Gass M, Manson JE, Hendrix SL, Vista-Deck D, McNeeley G; Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative oral contraceptive data reveals no evidence of delayed cardiovascular benefit. Fertil Steril. 2005 Apr;83(4):853-4. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.084.
• Background Brunner RL, Gass M, Aragaki A, Hays J, Granek I, Woods N, Mason E, Brzyski R, Ockene J, Assaf A, LaCroix A, Matthews K, Wallace R; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Sep 26;165(17):1976-86. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.17.1976.
• Background Wampler NS, Chen Z, Jacobsen C, Henderson JA, Howard BV, Rossouw JE. Bone mineral density of American Indian and Alaska Native women compared with non-Hispanic white women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Study. Menopause. 2005 Sep-Oct;12(5):536-44. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000182161.88939.f0. Epub 2005 Sep 1.
• Background Prentice RL, Langer R, Stefanick ML, Howard BV, Pettinger M, Anderson G, Barad D, Curb JD, Kotchen J, Kuller L, Limacher M, Wactawski-Wende J; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Combined postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: toward resolving the discrepancy between observational studies and the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 1;162(5):404-14. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi223. Epub 2005 Jul 20.
• Background Chen Z, Bassford T, Green SB, Cauley JA, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Leboff M, Stefanick ML, Margolis KL. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and body composition--a substudy of the estrogen plus progestin trial of the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):651-6. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.3.651.
• Background Wolf RL, Cauley JA, Pettinger M, Jackson R, Lacroix A, Leboff MS, Lewis CE, Nevitt MC, Simon JA, Stone KL, Wactawski-Wende J. Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):581-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.3.581.
• Background Barad D, Kooperberg C, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu J, Hendrix SL, Watts NB. Prior oral contraception and postmenopausal fracture: a Women's Health Initiative observational cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2005 Aug;84(2):374-83. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.132.
• Background Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Frank G, Jones B, Rodabough RJ, Snetselaar L, Thomson C, Tinker L, Vitolins M, Prentice R. Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Jan 4;295(1):39-49. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.1.39.
• Background Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee: Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women Having Undergone Hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized, Controlled Trials. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 59(8):599-600, 2004.
• Results Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, Hendrix SL, Rodabough RJ, Paskett ED, Lane DS, Hubbell FA, Assaf AR, Sarto GE, Schenken RS, Yasmeen S, Lessin L, Chlebowski RT; WHI Investigators. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1647-57. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.14.1647.
• Results Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):669-83. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218.
• Results Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Margolis KL, Mysiw WJ, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Schatz IJ, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Tinker LF, Trevisan M, Vitolins MZ, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Granek I, Greenland P, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Feb 8;295(6):655-66. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.6.655.
• Results Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Bowen D, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Harrigan RC, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lewis CE, Manson JE, Margolis KL, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Whitlock E. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Feb 8;295(6):643-54. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.6.643.
• Results Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Patterson R, Kuller LH, Ockene JK, Margolis KL, Limacher MC, Manson JE, Parker LM, Paskett E, Phillips L, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Shikany JM, Stefanick ML, Thomson CA, Van Horn L, Vitolins MZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace RB, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Whitlock E, Yano K, Adams-Campbell L, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Beresford SA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Ford L, Gass M, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Henderson MM. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006 Feb 8;295(6):629-42. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.6.629.
• Results Yasmeen S, Romano PS, Pettinger M, Johnson SR, Hubbell FA, Lane DS, Hendrix SL. Incidence of cervical cytological abnormalities with aging in the women's health initiative: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Aug;108(2):410-9. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000225976.69396.fb.
• Blew RM, Ziller SG, Odegaard AO, Caan BJ, Chen Z, Roe DJ, Manson JE, Rohan TE, Felix AS, Harris HR, Luo J, Lane DS, Bea JW. DXA-Derived Abdominal Adiposity and Obesity-Related Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2026 May;34(5):997-1009. doi: 10.1002/oby.70168. Epub 2026 Mar 20.
• Prentice RL, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Lampe JW, Raftery D, Gowda GN, Song X, Navarro SL, Huang Y, Vasan S, Orchard TS, Brasky TM, Manson JE, Zheng C. Biomarkers for dietary fatty acid densities among postmenopausal United States females derived using a habitual-diet human feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026 Mar;123(3):101197. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101197. Epub 2026 Jan 14.
• Zuraikat FM, Cheng B, Jelic S, Tasali E, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Saquib N, Shadyab AH, Titcomb TJ, Snetselaar LG, Hayden KM, Sanderlin AH, Molina-Henry DP, LeBlanc ES, St-Onge MP. Greater adherence to healthful dietary patterns is associated with lower insomnia risk in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Sleep. 2026 Jan 13;49(1):zsaf316. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf316.
• Johnson JJ, Ghosh S, Shaw PA, Neuhouser ML, Lampe JW, Tinker LF, Prentice RL, Tasevska N, Freedman LS, Boyer BB, Hopkins SE, Nash SH, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, O'Brien DM. The carbon isotope ratio of alanine is a biomarker of added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage intakes: a pooled analysis of 4 studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Dec;122(6):1769-1777. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.09.049. Epub 2025 Oct 3.
• Rossouw JE, Aragaki AK, Manson JE, Szmuilowicz ED, Harrington LB, Johnson KC, Allison M, Haring B, Saquib N, Shadyab AH, Rexrode KM, Liu L, Mouton CP, LaCroix AZ. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases in Women With Vasomotor Symptoms: A Secondary Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2025 Nov 1;185(11):1330-1339. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4510.
• Ezzat D, Uddin MM, Xue L, Pershad Y, Zhang S, Collins JM, Kitzman JO, Jaiswal S, Desai P, Kooperberg C, Bick AG, Natarajan P, Manson JE, Whitsel EA, Reiner AP, Honigberg MC. Clonal Hematopoiesis and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Oct 14;86(15):1093-1106. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.07.058. Epub 2025 Aug 27.
• Baillie HT, Tinker LF, An P, Brasky TM, Liu S, Manson JE, Snetselaar L, Tabung FK, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML. Dietary Supplement Use Is Associated with Select Serum Nutrient Biomarkers among Postmenopausal Women: Results from a Controlled Feeding Study. J Nutr. 2025 Aug;155(8):2745-2754. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.06.003. Epub 2025 Jun 9.
• Thomson CA, Basen-Engquist K, Robles-Morales R, Roe DJ, Erdrich J, Trabert B, Saquib N, Cote ML, Qi L, Lane DS, Crane TE. Epidemiological Analysis of Obesity-related co-morbidities and mortality among post- menopausal women diagnosed with endometrial cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2025 Apr 8:rs.3.rs-6214415. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6214415/v1.
• Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Zheng C, Manson JE, Tinker LF, Schoeller DA, Ravelli MN, Raftery D, Gowda GN, Navarro SL, Huang Y, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Wallace RB, Johnson KC, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML. Energy intake is associated with dietary macronutrient densities: inversely with protein and monounsaturated fat and positively with polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate among postmenopausal females. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 May;121(5):1165-1175. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.03.011. Epub 2025 Mar 13.
• Nudy M, Aragaki AK, Jiang X, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Jung SY, Martin LW, Wild RA, Womack C, Mouton CP, Rossouw JE, Schnatz PF. Long-Term Changes to Cardiovascular Biomarkers After Hormone Therapy in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Clinical Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Apr 1;145(4):357-367. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005862. Epub 2025 Feb 27.
• Cheng RK, Roberts MB, Bansal N, Reding K, Salahuddin T, Mamas M, LaMonte M, Shadyab AH, Franceschini N, Klein L, Manson JE, Eaton CB. Association of Kidney Function With Incident Heart Failure: An Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025 Mar 4;14(5):e037051. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.124.037051. Epub 2025 Feb 25.
• Bea JW, Ochs-Balcom HM, Valencia CI, Chen Z, Blew RM, Lind KE, Caan BJ, Roe DJ, Rohan TE, Reeves KW, Manson JE, Ballinger T, Reding KW, Follis S, Ziller SG, Odegaard AO. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue associations with postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2025 Jan 3;9(1):pkaf007. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkaf007.
• Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Pan K, Haque R, Rohan TE, Song M, Wactawski-Wende J, Lane DS, Harris HR, Strickler H, Kauntiz AM, Runowicz CD. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Oct 20;42(30):3537-3549. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.01918. Epub 2024 Aug 22.
• Dilek S, Figen Y, Merve G, Hatice EO, Seyma KT. Technology versus nostalgia; A randomized controlled trial of the effect of virtual reality and kaleidescop on pediatric pain, fear and anxiety management during immunization. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024 Sep-Oct;78:e383-e388. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.07.029. Epub 2024 Aug 1.
• Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Pan K, Luo J, Rohan TE, Johnson KC, Wactawski-Wende J, Jung SY, Xiao Q, Lavasani S, Manson JE, Simon MS. Estrogen Plus Progestin and Colorectal Cancer: Long-Term Findings From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Oct 20;42(30):3530-3536. doi: 10.1200/JCO.23.02092. Epub 2024 Jul 19.
• Thomson CA, Aragaki AK, Prentice RL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Wactawski-Wende J, Watts NB, Van Horn L, Shikany JM, Rohan TE, Lane DS, Wild RA, Robles-Morales R, Shadyab AH, Saquib N, Cauley J. Long-Term Effect of Randomization to Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Health in Older Women : Postintervention Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2024 Apr;177(4):428-438. doi: 10.7326/M23-2598. Epub 2024 Mar 12.
• Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Zheng C, Manson JE, Tinker LF, Ravelli MN, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Wallace RB, Tooze JA, Johnson KC, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML, Schoeller DA. Biomarker-assessed total energy intake and its cohort study association with all-cause mortality in postmenopausal females. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 May;119(5):1329-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.020. Epub 2024 Feb 29.
• Playdon MC, Tinker LF, Prentice RL, Loftfield E, Hayden KM, Van Horn L, Sampson JN, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML, Moore SC. Measuring diet by metabolomics: a 14-d controlled feeding study of weighed food intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 Feb;119(2):511-526. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.016. Epub 2023 Dec 29.
• Lara LA, Cartagena-Ramos D, Figueiredo JB, Rosa-E-Silva ACJ, Ferriani RA, Martins WP, Fuentealba-Torres M. Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 24;8(8):CD009672. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009672.pub3.
• Prentice RL, Vasan S, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Navarro SL, Raftery D, Gowda GN, Pettinger M, Aragaki AK, Lampe JW, Huang Y, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Wallace R, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu S, Snetselaar L, Howard BV, Chlebowski RT, Zheng C. Metabolomics-Based Biomarker for Dietary Fat and Associations with Chronic Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2023 Sep;153(9):2651-2662. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.021. Epub 2023 May 26.
• Prentice RL, Vasan S, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Navarro SL, Raftery D, Gowda GN, Pettinger M, Aragaki AK, Lampe JW, Huang Y, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Wallace RB, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu S, Snetselaar L, Howard BV, Chlebowski RT, Zheng C. Metabolomics Biomarkers for Fatty Acid Intake and Biomarker-Calibrated Fatty Acid Associations with Chronic Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2023 Sep;153(9):2663-2677. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.003. Epub 2023 May 12.
• Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Manson JE, Schoeller DA, Tinker LF, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Wallace RB, LaMonte MJ, Tooze JA, Johnson KC, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML. Total energy expenditure as assessed by doubly labeled water and all-cause mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 May;117(5):955-963. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.023. Epub 2023 Mar 6.
• Neuhouser ML, Pettinger M, Tinker LF, Thomson C, Van Horn L, Haring B, Shikany JM, Stefanick ML, Prentice RL, Manson JE, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Lampe JW. Associations of Biomarker-Calibrated Healthy Eating Index-2010 Scores with Chronic Disease Risk and Their Dependency on Energy Intake and Body Mass Index in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2023 Jan 14;152(12):2808-2817. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac199.
• Pan K, Aragaki AK, Michael Y, Thomson CA, Snetselaar LG, Wactawski-Wende J, Garcia DO, Dieli-Conwright CM, Shadyab AH, Saquib N, Chlebowski RT. Long-term dietary intervention influence on physical activity in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification randomized trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2022 Aug;195(1):43-54. doi: 10.1007/s10549-022-06655-8. Epub 2022 Jul 12.
• Larson SR, Vasbinder AL, Reding KW, Leary PJ, Branch KR, Shadyab AH, Johnson KC, Haring B, Wallace R, Manson JE, Anderson G, Cheng RK. Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists and Heart Failure Risk in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Mar;11(5):e024270. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024270. Epub 2022 Feb 22.
• Cene CW, Leng XI, Faraz K, Allison M, Breathett K, Bird C, Coday M, Corbie-Smith G, Foraker R, Ijioma NN, Rosal MC, Sealy-Jefferson S, Shippee TP, Kroenke CH. Social Isolation and Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Older Women: Women's Health Initiative Study Findings. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Mar;11(5):e022907. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.022907. Epub 2022 Feb 22.
• Tinker LF, Huang Y, Johnson KC, Carbone LD, Snetselaar L, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Liu S, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Prentice RL, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML. Estimating 24-Hour Urinary Excretion of Sodium and Potassium Is More Reliable from 24-Hour Urine Than Spot Urine Sample in a Feeding Study of US Older Postmenopausal Women. Curr Dev Nutr. 2021 Oct 12;5(11):nzab125. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzab125. eCollection 2021 Nov.
• Pan K, Aragaki AK, Neuhouser ML, Simon MS, Luo J, Caan B, Snetselaar L, Mortimer JE, Manson JE, Kroenke C, Lane D, Reding K, Rohan TE, Chlebowski RT. Low-fat dietary pattern and breast cancer mortality by metabolic syndrome components: a secondary analysis of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomised trial. Br J Cancer. 2021 Aug;125(3):372-379. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01379-w. Epub 2021 May 18.
• Prentice RL, Pettinger M, Neuhouser ML, Raftery D, Zheng C, Gowda GAN, Huang Y, Tinker LF, Howard BV, Manson JE, Wallace R, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Johnson KC, Lampe JW. Biomarker-Calibrated Macronutrient Intake and Chronic Disease Risk among Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2021 Aug 7;151(8):2330-2341. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab091.
• Prentice RL, Howard BV, Van Horn L, Neuhouser ML, Anderson GL, Tinker LF, Lampe JW, Raftery D, Pettinger M, Aragaki AK, Thomson CA, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Stefanick ML, Cauley JA, Rossouw JE, Manson JE, Chlebowski RT. Nutritional epidemiology and the Women's Health Initiative: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 May 8;113(5):1083-1092. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab091.
• Flores M, Ruiz JM, Butler EA, Sbarra DA, Garcia DO, Kohler L, Crane TE, Corbie-Smith G, Benavente V, Kroenke CH, Saquib N, Thomson CA. Does the Hispanic Mortality Advantage Vary by Marital Status Among Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative? Ann Behav Med. 2021 Jun 28;55(7):612-620. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaaa113.
• Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 21;8(8):CD011737. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3.
• Wang A, Zawadzki N, Hedlin H, LeBlanc E, Budrys N, Van Horn L, Gass M, Westphal L, Stefanick ML. Reproductive history and osteoarthritis in the Women's Health Initiative. Scand J Rheumatol. 2021 Jan;50(1):58-67. doi: 10.1080/03009742.2020.1751271. Epub 2020 Aug 6.
• Yun HY, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Schoeller DA, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Snetselaar LG, Van Horn LV, Eaton CB, Prentice RL, Lampe JW, O'Brien DM. The Carbon Isotope Ratios of Serum Amino Acids in Combination with Participant Characteristics can be Used to Estimate Added Sugar Intake in a Controlled Feeding Study of US Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2020 Oct 12;150(10):2764-2771. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa195.
• Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 19;5(5):CD011737. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub2.
• Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Kaunitz AM, Pinkerton JV. The Women's Health Initiative trials of menopausal hormone therapy: lessons learned. Menopause. 2020 Aug;27(8):918-928. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001553.
• Van Horn L, Aragaki AK, Howard BV, Allison MA, Isasi CR, Manson JE, Neuhouser ML, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Thomson CA, Vitolin MZ, Wallace RB, Prentice RL; WHI Investigators. Eating Pattern Response to a Low-Fat Diet Intervention and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Normotensive Women: The Women's Health Initiative. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020 Feb 12;4(3):nzaa021. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa021. eCollection 2020 Mar.
• Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Anderson GL, Pan K, Neuhouser ML, Manson JE, Thomson CA, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Lane DS, Johnson KC, Wactawski-Wende J, Snetselaar L, Rohan TE, Luo J, Barac A, Prentice RL; Women's Health Initiative. Dietary Modification and Breast Cancer Mortality: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020 May 1;38(13):1419-1428. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00435. Epub 2020 Feb 7.
• Chlebowski RT, Rapp S, Aragaki AK, Pan K, Neuhouser ML, Snetselaar LG, Manson JE, Wactawski-Wende J, Johnson KC, Hayden K, Baker LD, Henderson VW, Garcia L, Qi L, Prentice RL. Low-fat dietary pattern and global cognitive function: Exploratory analyses of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized Dietary Modification trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Jan 8;18:100240. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.100240. eCollection 2020 Jan.
• Liu L, Klein L, Eaton C, Panjrath G, Martin LW, Chae CU, Greenland P, Lloyd-Jones DM, Wactawski-Wende J, Manson JE. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risks of First Hospitalized Heart Failure and its Subtypes During the Intervention and Extended Postintervention Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. J Card Fail. 2020 Jan;26(1):2-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.09.006. Epub 2019 Sep 17.
• Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Bassuk SS, Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Rossouw JE, Howard BV, Thomson CA, Stefanick ML, Kaunitz AM, Crandall CJ, Eaton CB, Henderson VW, Liu S, Luo J, Rohan T, Shadyab AH, Wells G, Wactawski-Wende J, Prentice RL; WHI Investigators. Menopausal Estrogen-Alone Therapy and Health Outcomes in Women With and Without Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Sep 17;171(6):406-414. doi: 10.7326/M19-0274. Epub 2019 Sep 10.
• Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Howard BV, Chlebowski RT, Thomson CA, Van Horn L, Tinker LF, Manson JE, Anderson GL, Kuller LE, Neuhouser ML, Johnson KC, Snetselaar L, Rossouw JE. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern among Postmenopausal Women Influences Long-Term Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes Outcomes. J Nutr. 2019 Sep 1;149(9):1565-1574. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz107.
• Jiang X, Nudy M, Aragaki AK, Robbins JA, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, O'Sullivan DM, Shikany JM, LeBlanc ES, Kelsey AM, Cauley J, Martin LW, Payne ME, Johnson KC, Howard B, Schnatz PF. Women's Health Initiative clinical trials: potential interactive effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation with hormonal therapy on cardiovascular disease. Menopause. 2019 Aug;26(8):841-849. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001360.
• Haring B, Crandall CJ, Carbone L, Liu S, Li W, Johnson KC, Wactawski-Wende J, Shadyab AH, Gass ML, Kamensky V, Cauley JA, Wassertheil-Smoller S. Lipoprotein(a) plasma levels, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: a post hoc analysis of the Women's Health Initiative, USA. BMJ Open. 2019 Apr 24;9(4):e027257. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027257.
• Prentice RL, Pettinger M, Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, Huang Y, Zheng C, Manson JE, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Anderson GL, Lampe JW. Application of blood concentration biomarkers in nutritional epidemiology: example of carotenoid and tocopherol intake in relation to chronic disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Apr 1;109(4):1189-1196. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy360.
• Felix AS, Lehman A, Nolan TS, Sealy-Jefferson S, Breathett K, Hood DB, Addison D, Anderson CM, Cene CW, Warren BJ, Jackson RD, Williams KP. Stress, Resilience, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Black Women. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019 Apr;12(4):e005284. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005284.
• Prentice RL. Intake biomarkers and the chronic disease nutritional epidemiology research agenda. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Sep 1;108(3):433-434. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy206. No abstract available.
• Iyengar NM, Arthur R, Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Kroenke CH, Peterson L, Cheng TD, Feliciano EC, Lane D, Luo J, Nassir R, Pan K, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kamensky V, Rohan TE, Dannenberg AJ. Association of Body Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women With Normal Body Mass Index: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial and Observational Study. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Feb 1;5(2):155-163. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5327.
• Al-Rousan T, Sparks JA, Pettinger M, Chlebowski R, Manson JE, Kauntiz AM, Wallace R. Menopausal hormone therapy and the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in postmenopausal women: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative. PLoS One. 2018 Dec 4;13(12):e0207509. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207509. eCollection 2018.
• Yun HY, Lampe JW, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Beresford SAA, Niles KR, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Snetselaar LG, Van Horn L, Prentice RL, O'Brien DM. Serum Nitrogen and Carbon Stable Isotope Ratios Meet Biomarker Criteria for Fish and Animal Protein Intake in a Controlled Feeding Study of a Women's Health Initiative Cohort. J Nutr. 2018 Dec 1;148(12):1931-1937. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy168.
• Parikh NI, Kapphahn K, Hedlin H, Olgin JE, Allison MA, Magnani JW, Ryckman KR, Waring ME, Perez MV, Howard BV. Effects of reproductive period duration and number of pregnancies on midlife ECG indices: a secondary analysis from the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Aug 17;8(8):e019129. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019129.
• Mora S, Wenger NK, Cook NR, Liu J, Howard BV, Limacher MC, Liu S, Margolis KL, Martin LW, Paynter NP, Ridker PM, Robinson JG, Rossouw JE, Safford MM, Manson JE. Evaluation of the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in a Multiethnic Cohort From the Women's Health Initiative. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Sep 1;178(9):1231-1240. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2875.
• Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Anderson GL, Simon MS, Manson JE, Neuhouser ML, Pan K, Stefanic ML, Rohan TE, Lane D, Qi L, Snetselaar L, Prentice RL. Association of Low-Fat Dietary Pattern With Breast Cancer Overall Survival: A Secondary Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;4(10):e181212. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.1212. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
• Shreibati JB, Manson JE, Margolis KL, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Hlatky MA. Impact of hormone therapy on Medicare spending in the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trials. Am Heart J. 2018 Apr;198:108-114. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.12.016. Epub 2017 Dec 27.
• Howard BV, Aragaki AK, Tinker LF, Allison M, Hingle MD, Johnson KC, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Shikany JM, Snetselaar LG, Thomson CA, Zaslavsky O, Prentice RL. A Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis From the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Diabetes Care. 2018 Apr;41(4):680-687. doi: 10.2337/dc17-0534. Epub 2017 Dec 27.
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• Harris WS, Luo J, Pottala JV, Espeland MA, Margolis KL, Manson JE, Wang L, Brasky TM, Robinson JG. Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. J Clin Lipidol. 2017 Jan-Feb;11(1):250-259.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.12.013. Epub 2017 Jan 12.
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• LaCroix AZ, Rillamas-Sun E, Buchner D, Evenson KR, Di C, Lee IM, Marshall S, LaMonte MJ, Hunt J, Tinker LF, Stefanick M, Lewis CE, Bellettiere J, Herring AH. The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Health in Older Women (OPACH) Study. BMC Public Health. 2017 Feb 14;17(1):192. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4065-6.
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• Garcia DO, Lander EM, Wertheim BC, Manson JE, Volpe SL, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Lessin LS, Kuller LH, Thomson CA. Pet Ownership and Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Sep;25(9):1311-6. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0218. Epub 2016 Jun 30.
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• Wang A, Stefanick ML, Kapphahn K, Hedlin H, Desai M, Manson JA, Strickler H, Martin L, Wactawski-Wende J, Simon M, Tang JY. Relation of statin use with non-melanoma skin cancer: prospective results from the Women's Health Initiative. Br J Cancer. 2016 Feb 2;114(3):314-20. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.376. Epub 2016 Jan 7.
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• Espeland MA, Brinton RD, Hugenschmidt C, Manson JE, Craft S, Yaffe K, Weitlauf J, Vaughan L, Johnson KC, Padula CB, Jackson RD, Resnick SM; WHIMS Study Group. Impact of Type 2 Diabetes and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy on Incidence of Cognitive Impairment in Older Women. Diabetes Care. 2015 Dec;38(12):2316-24. doi: 10.2337/dc15-1385. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
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• Bertoia ML, Triche EW, Michaud DS, Baylin A, Hogan JW, Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, Van Horn L, Waring ME, Li W, Shikany JM, Eaton CB. Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension dietary patterns and risk of sudden cardiac death in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Feb;99(2):344-51. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.056135. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
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• Gamba CA, Swetter SM, Stefanick ML, Kubo J, Desai M, Spaunhurst KM, Sinha AA, Asgari MM, Sturgeon S, Tang JY. Aspirin is associated with lower melanoma risk among postmenopausal Caucasian women: the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer. 2013 Apr 15;119(8):1562-9. doi: 10.1002/cncr.27817. Epub 2013 Mar 11.
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• Miller JW, Beresford SA, Neuhouser ML, Cheng TY, Song X, Brown EC, Zheng Y, Rodriguez B, Green R, Ulrich CM. Homocysteine, cysteine, and risk of incident colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Initiative observational cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):827-34. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.049932. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
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• Prentice RL, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Huang Y, Van Horn L, Beresford SA, Caan B, Tinker L, Schoeller D, Bingham S, Eaton CB, Thomson C, Johnson KC, Ockene J, Sarto G, Heiss G, Neuhouser ML. Evaluation and comparison of food records, recalls, and frequencies for energy and protein assessment by using recovery biomarkers. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Sep 1;174(5):591-603. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr140. Epub 2011 Jul 15.
• Eaton CB, Hochberg MC, Assaf A, Cryer BL, Lu B, Sands G, Rodriguez B, LaCroix A, Lessin L, Limacher MC, Fugate Woods N, Connelly S, Chen Z. The cross-sectional relationship of hemoglobin levels and functional outcomes in women with self-reported osteoarthritis: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Dec;41(3):406-14. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.04.008. Epub 2011 Jul 2.
• Olsen CM, Pandeya N, Green AC, Webb PM, Whiteman DC; Australian Cancer Study. Population attributable fractions of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Sep 1;174(5):582-90. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr117. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
• Harrow BS, Eaton CB, Roberts MB, Assaf AR, Luo X, Chen Z. Health utilities associated with hemoglobin levels and blood loss in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative. Value Health. 2011 Jun;14(4):555-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2010.11.008. Epub 2011 Apr 30.
• Chacko SA, Song Y, Manson JE, Van Horn L, Eaton C, Martin LW, McTiernan A, Curb JD, Wylie-Rosett J, Phillips LS, Plodkowski RA, Liu S. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;94(1):209-17. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.010272. Epub 2011 May 25.
• Shikany JM, Margolis KL, Pettinger M, Jackson RD, Limacher MC, Liu S, Phillips LS, Tinker LF. Effects of a low-fat dietary intervention on glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Dietary Modification trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;94(1):75-85. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.010843. Epub 2011 May 11.
• Wallace RB, Wactawski-Wende J, O'Sullivan MJ, Larson JC, Cochrane B, Gass M, Masaki K. Urinary tract stone occurrence in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trial of calcium and vitamin D supplements. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;94(1):270-7. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.003350. Epub 2011 Apr 27.
• LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Johnson KC, Martin L, Margolis KL, Stefanick ML, Brzyski R, Curb JD, Howard BV, Lewis CE, Wactawski-Wende J; WHI Investigators. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011 Apr 6;305(13):1305-14. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.382.
• Gaussoin SA, Espeland MA, Absher J, Howard BV, Jones BM, Rapp SR. Ascertaining dementia-related outcomes for deceased or proxy-dependent participants: an overview of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study supplemental case ascertainment protocol. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;27(2):205-14. doi: 10.1002/gps.2714. Epub 2011 Mar 18.
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• Orchard TS, Cauley JA, Frank GC, Neuhouser ML, Robinson JG, Snetselaar L, Tylavsky F, Wactawski-Wende J, Young AM, Lu B, Jackson RD. Fatty acid consumption and risk of fracture in the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Dec;92(6):1452-60. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29955. Epub 2010 Oct 27.
• Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M, Lane DS, Aragaki AK, Kuller LH, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Ockene J, Sarto GE, Johnson KC, Wactawski-Wende J, Ravdin PM, Schenken R, Hendrix SL, Rajkovic A, Rohan TE, Yasmeen S, Prentice RL; WHI Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010 Oct 20;304(15):1684-92. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1500.
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• Prentice RL, Paczesny S, Aragaki A, Amon LM, Chen L, Pitteri SJ, McIntosh M, Wang P, Buson Busald T, Hsia J, Jackson RD, Rossouw JE, Manson JE, Johnson K, Eaton C, Hanash SM. Novel proteins associated with risk for coronary heart disease or stroke among postmenopausal women identified by in-depth plasma proteome profiling. Genome Med. 2010 Jul 28;2(7):48. doi: 10.1186/gm169.
• Kuller LH, Margolis KL, Gaussoin SA, Bryan NR, Kerwin D, Limacher M, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Williamson J, Robinson JG; Women's Health Initiative Memory Study Research Group. Relationship of hypertension, blood pressure, and blood pressure control with white matter abnormalities in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS)-MRI trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010 Mar;12(3):203-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00234.x.
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• Rajpathak SN, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Van Horn L, Robinson JG, Liu S, Allison M, Martin LW, Ho GY, Rohan TE. Effect of 5 y of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on change in circulating lipids: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):894-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28579. Epub 2010 Feb 24.
• Hsia J, Rodabough RJ, Manson JE, Liu S, Freiberg MS, Graettinger W, Rosal MC, Cochrane B, Lloyd-Jones D, Robinson JG, Howard BV; Women's Health Initiative Research Group. Evaluation of the American Heart Association cardiovascular disease prevention guideline for women. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010 Mar;3(2):128-34. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.842385. Epub 2010 Feb 16.
• Toh S, Hernandez-Diaz S, Logan R, Rossouw JE, Hernan MA. Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: does the increased risk ever disappear? A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 16;152(4):211-7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-00005.
• Prentice RL, Huang Y, Hinds DA, Peters U, Cox DR, Beilharz E, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, Caan B, Ballinger DG. Variation in the FGFR2 gene and the effect of a low-fat dietary pattern on invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Jan;19(1):74-9. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0663.
• Prentice RL, Huang Y, Hinds DA, Peters U, Pettinger M, Cox DR, Beilharz E, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, Caan B, Ballinger DG. Variation in the FGFR2 gene and the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Nov;18(11):3079-85. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0611. Epub 2009 Oct 27.
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• Chlebowski RT, Schwartz AG, Wakelee H, Anderson GL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Rodabough RJ, Chien JW, Wactawski-Wende J, Gass M, Kotchen JM, Johnson KC, O'Sullivan MJ, Ockene JK, Chen C, Hubbell FA; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Oestrogen plus progestin and lung cancer in postmenopausal women (Women's Health Initiative trial): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Oct 10;374(9697):1243-51. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61526-9. Epub 2009 Sep 18.
• Kabat GC, Kim M, Adams-Campbell LL, Caan BJ, Chlebowski RT, Neuhouser ML, Shikany JM, Rohan TE; WHI Investigators. Longitudinal study of serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol concentrations in relation to breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):162-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27568. Epub 2009 May 27.
• Prentice RL, Pettinger M, Beresford SA, Wactawski-Wende J, Hubbell FA, Stefanick ML, Chlebowski RT. Colorectal cancer in relation to postmenopausal estrogen and estrogen plus progestin in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 May;18(5):1531-7. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1209.
• McTiernan A, Wactawski-Wende J, Wu L, Rodabough RJ, Watts NB, Tylavsky F, Freeman R, Hendrix S, Jackson R; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Low-fat, increased fruit, vegetable, and grain dietary pattern, fractures, and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;89(6):1864-76. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26956. Epub 2009 Apr 29.
• Katayama H, Paczesny S, Prentice R, Aragaki A, Faca VM, Pitteri SJ, Zhang Q, Wang H, Silva M, Kennedy J, Rossouw J, Jackson R, Hsia J, Chlebowski R, Manson J, Hanash S. Application of serum proteomics to the Women's Health Initiative conjugated equine estrogens trial reveals a multitude of effects relevant to clinical findings. Genome Med. 2009 Apr 29;1(4):47. doi: 10.1186/gm47.
• LaCroix AZ, Kotchen J, Anderson G, Brzyski R, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Gass M, Johnson KC, Ko M, Larson J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009 May;64(5):559-67. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glp006. Epub 2009 Feb 16.
• Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, Patterson RE, Rohan TE, van Horn L, Shikany JM, Thomas A, LaCroix A, Prentice RL. Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Feb 9;169(3):294-304. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.540.
• Hsia J, Larson JC, Ockene JK, Sarto GE, Allison MA, Hendrix SL, Robinson JG, LaCroix AZ, Manson JE; Women's Health Initiative Research Group. Resting heart rate as a low tech predictor of coronary events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009 Feb 3;338:b219. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b219.
• Thomson CA, Neuhouser ML, Shikany JM, Caan BJ, Monk BJ, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Sarto G, Parker LM, Modugno F, Anderson GL. The role of antioxidants and vitamin A in ovarian cancer: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(6):710-9. doi: 10.1080/01635580802233983.
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• Denes P, Larson JC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Prineas RJ, Greenland P. Major and minor ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic women and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. JAMA. 2007 Mar 7;297(9):978-85. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.9.978.
• Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto GE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B, Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kooperberg CL, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Manson JE; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):684-96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055222.

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