Efficacy of Amoxicilline/Clavulanic Acid in Patients Affected by Tic Disorder Colonized by Group A Streptococcus

Summary

This study is an extension of the European Multicentre Tics In Children Studies (EMTICS) COURSE study for which a separate study protocol exists; Aim of this clinical trial is to study the efficacy of treatment with antibiotics in reducing severity of tics and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with a tic disorder colonised by GAS. Primary Objective: Test the hypothesis that antibiotic treatment of GAS colonisation compared to placebo is associated with a larger reduction of tic and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms in the short-term (1 month) in patients with a tic disorder colonised by GAS. Secondary Objective: Test the hypothesis that antibiotic treatment of GAS colonisation is superior to placebo in the long-term (1 year) reduction of tic and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with a tic disorder colonized by GAS. Patients affected by a chronic tic disorder followed in the EMTICS- Longitudinal Course Study that show a positive culture for GAS at any microbiological examination during their follow-up will be considered eligible for the treatment trial. Patients showing GAS positivity will be invited to participate in the clinical trial. The patients enrolled will be randomly assigned to antibiotic or placebo in a 1:1 ratio. All participating patients will undergo a microbiological, serological and clinical assessment 1 month after the date of entering in the treatment trial (i.e. around 20 days after the end of treatment). Then, the patients will be followed with clinical, laboratory and microbiological assessments every four months for 1 year. Patients will be deblinded at the end of the treatment trial follow-up (1 year after the recruitment). Patients who will develop a true GAS infection or who otherwise need to be prescribed antibiotics for any clinical reason during the follow-up will be withdrawn from the study and immediately deblinded. Data of such patients would, however, remain part of the study analyses, following the intention-to-treat principle.

Timeline

Start

2013-03

Primary completion

2017-04

Completion

2017-05

Publications

• Background Bombaci M, Grifantini R, Mora M, Reguzzi V, Petracca R, Meoni E, Balloni S, Zingaretti C, Falugi F, Manetti AG, Margarit I, Musser JM, Cardona F, Orefici G, Grandi G, Bensi G. Protein array profiling of tic patient sera reveals a broad range and enhanced immune response against Group A Streptococcus antigens. PLoS One. 2009 Jul 22;4(7):e6332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006332.
• Background Cardona F, Orefici G. Group A streptococcal infections and tic disorders in an Italian pediatric population. J Pediatr. 2001 Jan;138(1):71-5. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.110325.
• Background Church AJ, Dale RC, Lees AJ, Giovannoni G, Robertson MM. Tourette's syndrome: a cross sectional study to examine the PANDAS hypothesis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 May;74(5):602-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.5.602.
• Background Creti R, Cardona F, Pataracchia M, Hunolstein CV, Cundari G, Romano A, Orefici G. Characterisation of group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates from children with tic disorders. Indian J Med Res. 2004 May;119 Suppl:174-8.
• Background Curtin-Wirt C, Casey JR, Murray PC, Cleary CT, Hoeger WJ, Marsocci SM, Murphy ML, Francis AB, Pichichero ME. Efficacy of penicillin vs. amoxicillin in children with group A beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003 Apr;42(3):219-25. doi: 10.1177/000992280304200305.
• Background Garvey MA, Perlmutter SJ, Allen AJ, Hamburger S, Lougee L, Leonard HL, Witowski ME, Dubbert B, Swedo SE. A pilot study of penicillin prophylaxis for neuropsychiatric exacerbations triggered by streptococcal infections. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jun 15;45(12):1564-71. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00020-7.
• Background Kaplan EL, Johnson DR. Eradication of group A streptococci from the upper respiratory tract by amoxicillin with clavulanate after oral penicillin V treatment failure. J Pediatr. 1988 Aug;113(2):400-3. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80291-9. No abstract available.
• Background Loiselle CR, Wendlandt JT, Rohde CA, Singer HS. Antistreptococcal, neuronal, and nuclear antibodies in Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Feb;28(2):119-25. doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(02)00507-6.
• Background Mahakit P, Vicente JG, Butt DI, Angeli G, Bansal S, Zambrano D. Oral clindamycin 300 mg BID compared with oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1 g BID in the outpatient treatment of acute recurrent pharyngotonsillitis caused by group a beta-hemolytic streptococci: an international, multicenter, randomized, investigator-blinded, prospective trial in patients between the ages of 12 and 60 years. Clin Ther. 2006 Jan;28(1):99-109. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.01.006.
• Background Martino D, Church AJ, Defazio G, Dale RC, Quinn NP, Robertson MM, Livrea P, Orth M, Giovannoni G. Soluble adhesion molecules in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2005 Jul 15;234(1-2):79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.032.
• Background Martino D, Chiarotti F, Buttiglione M, Cardona F, Creti R, Nardocci N, Orefici G, Veneselli E, Rizzo R; Italian Tourette Syndrome Study Group. The relationship between group A streptococcal infections and Tourette syndrome: a study on a large service-based cohort. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Oct;53(10):951-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04018.x. Epub 2011 Jun 17.
• Background Morshed SA, Parveen S, Leckman JF, Mercadante MT, Bittencourt Kiss MH, Miguel EC, Arman A, Yazgan Y, Fujii T, Paul S, Peterson BS, Zhang H, King RA, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ. Antibodies against neural, nuclear, cytoskeletal, and streptococcal epitopes in children and adults with Tourette's syndrome, Sydenham's chorea, and autoimmune disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Oct 15;50(8):566-77. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01096-4.
• Background Muller N, Kroll B, Schwarz MJ, Riedel M, Straube A, Lutticken R, Reinert RR, Reineke T, Kuhnemund O. Increased titers of antibodies against streptococcal M12 and M19 proteins in patients with Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2001 Mar 25;101(2):187-93. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00215-3.
• Background Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Pavone P, Fogliani F, Robertson MM. Increased antistreptococcal antibody titers and anti-basal ganglia antibodies in patients with Tourette syndrome: controlled cross-sectional study. J Child Neurol. 2006 Sep;21(9):747-53. doi: 10.1177/08830738060210091001.
• Background Snider LA, Lougee L, Slattery M, Grant P, Swedo SE. Antibiotic prophylaxis with azithromycin or penicillin for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Apr 1;57(7):788-92. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.035.

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