CNS Uptake of Intranasal Glutathione

Summary

Excessive free radical formation and depletion of the brain's primary antioxidant, glutathione, are established components of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. While there is rationale for the therapeutic use of reduced glutathione (GSH) in PD, and even some preliminary evidence to suggest the use of GSH can lead to symptomatic improvement, obstacles surrounding currently employed delivery methods have hindered the clinical utility of this therapy. Intranasal GSH, (in)GSH, is a novel method of glutathione augmentation. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether 200 mg of (in)GSH results in measurable changes in brain glutathione concentrations, as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 15 individuals with PD.

Timeline

Start

2014-12

Primary completion

2015-03

Completion

2015-03

Publications

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• Background Mischley, L. Glutathione Deficiency in Parkinson's Disease: Intranasal Administration as a Method of Augmentation. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 26(1):32-36, 2011.
• Background Bains JS, Shaw CA. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1997 Dec;25(3):335-58. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00045-3.
• Background Cacciatore I, Baldassarre L, Fornasari E, Mollica A, Pinnen F. Recent advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases based on GSH delivery systems. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:240146. doi: 10.1155/2012/240146. Epub 2012 Jun 3.
• Background Shils ME OJ, Shike, Moshe. Evolution of Knowledge of Essential Nutrients: Conditional Essentiality. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
• Background Mullins PG, McGonigle DJ, O'Gorman RL, Puts NA, Vidyasagar R, Evans CJ; Cardiff Symposium on MRS of GABA; Edden RA. Current practice in the use of MEGA-PRESS spectroscopy for the detection of GABA. Neuroimage. 2014 Feb 1;86:43-52. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004. Epub 2012 Dec 13.
• Background Maher P. The effects of stress and aging on glutathione metabolism. Ageing Res Rev. 2005 May;4(2):288-314. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.02.005.
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• Results Sechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G, Satta WM, Deiana GA, Pes GM, Rosati G. Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;20(7):1159-70. doi: 10.1016/s0278-5846(96)00103-0.
• Results Mischley LK SL, Samii A, Pollisar N, Lau R, Leverenz J, . Phase I Study of Intranasal Glutathione in Parkinson's Disease. Seattle: Bastyr University Research Instittue; 2013.
• Results Lee M, Cho T, Jantaratnotai N, Wang YT, McGeer E, McGeer PL. Depletion of GSH in glial cells induces neurotoxicity: relevance to aging and degenerative neurological diseases. FASEB J. 2010 Jul;24(7):2533-45. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-149997. Epub 2010 Mar 12.
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• Results Hauser RA, Lyons KE, McClain T, Carter S, Perlmutter D. Randomized, double-blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009 May 15;24(7):979-83. doi: 10.1002/mds.22401.
• Results Emir UE, Raatz S, McPherson S, Hodges JS, Torkelson C, Tawfik P, White T, Terpstra M. Noninvasive quantification of ascorbate and glutathione concentration in the elderly human brain. NMR Biomed. 2011 Aug;24(7):888-94. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1646. Epub 2011 Jan 12.
• Results Groger A, Chadzynski G, Godau J, Berg D, Klose U. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the substantia nigra of healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur Radiol. 2011 Sep;21(9):1962-9. doi: 10.1007/s00330-011-2123-5. Epub 2011 Apr 12.
• Results Emir UE, Deelchand D, Henry PG, Terpstra M. Noninvasive quantification of T2 and concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione in the human brain from the same double-edited spectra. NMR Biomed. 2011 Apr;24(3):263-9. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1583. Epub 2010 Oct 6.
• Results Sekhar RV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP, Reid M, Balasubramanyam A, Taffet GE, Jahoor F. Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;94(3):847-53. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.003483. Epub 2011 Jul 27.
• Results Holmay MJ, Terpstra M, Coles LD, Mishra U, Ahlskog M, Oz G, Cloyd JC, Tuite PJ. N-Acetylcysteine boosts brain and blood glutathione in Gaucher and Parkinson diseases. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013 Jul-Aug;36(4):103-6. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31829ae713.
• Results Mischley LK, Vespignani MF, Finnell JS. Safety survey of intranasal glutathione. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 May;19(5):459-63. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0673. Epub 2012 Dec 16.

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Indications