Relationship Between Insulin Resistance and Statin Induced Type 2 Diabetes, and Integrative Personal Omics Profiling

Summary

Background: There is general agreement that statin-treatment of patients to lower plasma cholesterol levels can increase the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in some individuals1-5. The physiologic mechanism for the increased risk for T2D from statin treatment is unknown but could result from effects on insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion. This study will evaluate how the medication atorvastatin (trade name Lipitor) works in non-diabetic individuals in regards to its effect on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion to help further understand the possible cause of the increased occurrence of T2D in people who are at risk for T2D. This research study will also examine what metabolic characteristics and variables (for example insulin resistance, high triglycerides, or both) will identify those people at highest risk of statin-induced T2D. The goals of this study are to: 1. determine the effect of high-intensity atorvastatin (40 mg/day) for \~ 10 weeks on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion (defined with gold standard methods) (PRIMARY OUTCOMES) as well as other glycemic traits (SECONDARY OUTCOMES); 2. compare a number of cardio-metabolic characteristics (e.g. weight, lipids) before, during, and after administration of atorvastatin; 3. determine if significant deterioration of insulin action and/or secretion following statin treatment will be confined to those with baseline insulin resistance (PRE-SPECIFIED SUBGROUP ANALYSES); 4. perform Personal Omics Profiling (iPOP) 6,7 before and after taking atorvastatin to examine treatment-associated changes in all baseline variables and to analyze not only previously-known drug efficacy but also untargeted drug efficacy (EXPLORATORY ANALYSES). General approach: This will be an open-label study to evaluate the diabetogenic effect of atorvastatin (40 mg/day for 10 weeks) on both insulin action and insulin secretion in nondiabetic individuals. To ensure we recruit individuals across a broad range of insulin sensitivity, we will target recruitment to enrich for those with combined increases in LDL-C and TG concentrations (see SIGNIFICANCE and RATIONALE). The experimental population will consist of \~75 apparently healthy, non-diabetic volunteers eligible for statin therapy but without pre-existing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Following baseline assessments of co-primary outcome measures: insulin sensitivity (by insulin suppression test, IST) and insulin secretion (by graded glucose infusion test, GGIT), participants will be placed on a weight maintenance diet and treated with 40 mg/day of atorvastatin. All baseline measurements will be repeated \~10 weeks later with iPOP8 measurements done at baseline, at weeks 2, 4, and 10 on atorvastatin, and at weeks 4 and 8 off atorvastatin.

Timeline

Start

2015-05

Primary completion

2020-02

Completion

2020-04

Publications

• Background Kohli P, Knowles JW, Sarraju A, Waters DD, Reaven G. Metabolic Markers to Predict Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Statin-Treated Patients (from the Treating to New Targets and the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels Trials). Am J Cardiol. 2016 Nov 1;118(9):1275-1281. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.07.054. Epub 2016 Aug 12.
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• Background Kohli P, Waters DD, Nemr R, Arsenault BJ, Messig M, DeMicco DA, Laskey R, Kastelein JJP. Risk of new-onset diabetes and cardiovascular risk reduction from high-dose statin therapy in pre-diabetics and non-pre-diabetics: an analysis from TNT and IDEAL. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Feb 3;65(4):402-404. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.053. No abstract available.
• Background Waters DD, Ho JE, Boekholdt SM, DeMicco DA, Kastelein JJ, Messig M, Breazna A, Pedersen TR. Cardiovascular event reduction versus new-onset diabetes during atorvastatin therapy: effect of baseline risk factors for diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jan 15;61(2):148-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.042. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
• Background Ridker PM, Pradhan A, MacFadyen JG, Libby P, Glynn RJ. Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 11;380(9841):565-71. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61190-8.
• Background Li-Pook-Than J, Snyder M. iPOP goes the world: integrated personalized Omics profiling and the road toward improved health care. Chem Biol. 2013 May 23;20(5):660-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.05.001.
• Background Snyder M. iPOP and its role in participatory medicine. Genome Med. 2014 Jan 30;6(1):6. doi: 10.1186/gm512. eCollection 2014.
• Background Chen R, Mias GI, Li-Pook-Than J, Jiang L, Lam HY, Chen R, Miriami E, Karczewski KJ, Hariharan M, Dewey FE, Cheng Y, Clark MJ, Im H, Habegger L, Balasubramanian S, O'Huallachain M, Dudley JT, Hillenmeyer S, Haraksingh R, Sharon D, Euskirchen G, Lacroute P, Bettinger K, Boyle AP, Kasowski M, Grubert F, Seki S, Garcia M, Whirl-Carrillo M, Gallardo M, Blasco MA, Greenberg PL, Snyder P, Klein TE, Altman RB, Butte AJ, Ashley EA, Gerstein M, Nadeau KC, Tang H, Snyder M. Personal omics profiling reveals dynamic molecular and medical phenotypes. Cell. 2012 Mar 16;148(6):1293-307. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.009.
• Background Cederberg H, Stancakova A, Yaluri N, Modi S, Kuusisto J, Laakso M. Increased risk of diabetes with statin treatment is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion: a 6 year follow-up study of the METSIM cohort. Diabetologia. 2015 May;58(5):1109-17. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3528-5. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
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• Background American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(Suppl 1):S14-S31. doi: 10.2337/dc20-S002.
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• Background Kim SH, Abbasi F, Chu JW, McLaughlin TL, Lamendola C, Polonsky KS, Reaven GM. Rosiglitazone reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion rate and increases insulin clearance in nondiabetic, insulin-resistant individuals. Diabetes. 2005 Aug;54(8):2447-52. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2447.
• Background Shen SW, Reaven GM, Farquhar JW. Comparison of impedance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normal subjects and in subjects with latent diabetes. J Clin Invest. 1970 Dec;49(12):2151-60. doi: 10.1172/JCI106433.
• Background Pei D, Jones CN, Bhargava R, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Evaluation of octreotide to assess insulin-mediated glucose disposal by the insulin suppression test. Diabetologia. 1994 Aug;37(8):843-5. doi: 10.1007/BF00404344. No abstract available.
• Background Kim SH, Liu A, Ariel D, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Grove K, Tomasso V, Reaven G. Pancreatic beta cell function following liraglutide-augmented weight loss in individuals with prediabetes: analysis of a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia. 2014 Mar;57(3):455-62. doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-3134-3. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
• Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Harris CS, Harris V, Tsai MS, Tripathi P, Abbas F, Reaven GM, Reaven PD, Snyder MP, Kim SH, Knowles JW. Statins Are Associated With Increased Insulin Resistance and Secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Nov;41(11):2786-2797. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.316159. Epub 2021 Aug 26.

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Indications