SGLT-2 Inhibitor and Myocardial Perfusion, Function and Metabolism in T2 DM Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk

Summary

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2 DM) have a markedly increased risk of heart disease and it is estimated that, in the danish population, up 80% percent of patients with type 2 diabetes die from heart disease. The sodium glucose cotransport-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were developed as an anti-diabetic therapy reducing blood glucose and weight by decreasing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to glucose excretion via the urine. However, in 2015 the EMPA-REG study showed that treatment with the SGLT-2 inhibitor empagliflozin significantly reduced the cardiovascular mortality and risk of admission under the diagnosis of heart failure in a population of patients with type 2 diabetes in addition to other risk factors for heart disease. The mechanism behind this surprising result is unknown and warrants further study. The primary hypothesis of the present study is that treatment with empagliflozin improves the function and blood supply of the heart muscle cells in patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of heart disease. The investigators will test this hypothesis by enrolling 92 participants with type 2 diabetes and other risk factors for heart disease, and treating them with either empagliflozin or a placebo. During the study period the investigators will monitor the effects of the treatment with various techniques such as heart scans using CT and ultrasound, measurements of the fluid pressures in the heart chambers, body composition measurements and a variety of relevant blood test.

Timeline

Start

2017-03-29

Primary completion

2020-05-22

Completion

2020-05-22

Publications

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• Background Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720. Epub 2015 Sep 17.
• Background Lin B, Koibuchi N, Hasegawa Y, Sueta D, Toyama K, Uekawa K, Ma M, Nakagawa T, Kusaka H, Kim-Mitsuyama S. Glycemic control with empagliflozin, a novel selective SGLT2 inhibitor, ameliorates cardiovascular injury and cognitive dysfunction in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014 Oct 26;13:148. doi: 10.1186/s12933-014-0148-1.
• Background deKemp RA, Yoshinaga K, Beanlands RS. Will 3-dimensional PET-CT enable the routine quantification of myocardial blood flow? J Nucl Cardiol. 2007 May-Jun;14(3):380-97. doi: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2007.04.006.
• Background Naya M, Murthy VL, Foster CR, Gaber M, Klein J, Hainer J, Dorbala S, Blankstein R, Di Carli MF. Prognostic interplay of coronary artery calcification and underlying vascular dysfunction in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 May 21;61(20):2098-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.029. Epub 2013 Mar 21.
• Background Dorbala S, Di Carli MF, Beanlands RS, Merhige ME, Williams BA, Veledar E, Chow BJ, Min JK, Pencina MJ, Berman DS, Shaw LJ. Prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography: results from a multicenter observational registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jan 15;61(2):176-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.043. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
• Background Sattar N, McLaren J, Kristensen SL, Preiss D, McMurray JJ. SGLT2 Inhibition and cardiovascular events: why did EMPA-REG Outcomes surprise and what were the likely mechanisms? Diabetologia. 2016 Jul;59(7):1333-1339. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3956-x. Epub 2016 Apr 25.
• Background Hasenfuss G, Hayward C, Burkhoff D, Silvestry FE, McKenzie S, Gustafsson F, Malek F, Van der Heyden J, Lang I, Petrie MC, Cleland JG, Leon M, Kaye DM; REDUCE LAP-HF study investigators. A transcatheter intracardiac shunt device for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (REDUCE LAP-HF): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2016 Mar 26;387(10025):1298-304. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00704-2.
• Background Ersboll M, Valeur N, Mogensen UM, Andersen M, Greibe R, Moller JE, Hassager C, Sogaard P, Kober L. Global left ventricular longitudinal strain is closely associated with increased neurohormonal activation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction: a two-dimensional speckle tracking study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Oct;14(10):1121-9. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs107. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
• Background Jhund PS, Anand IS, Komajda M, Claggett BL, McKelvie RS, Zile MR, Carson PE, McMurray JJ. Changes in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an analysis of the I-Preserve study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015 Aug;17(8):809-17. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.274. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
• Background Sharma S, Adrogue JV, Golfman L, Uray I, Lemm J, Youker K, Noon GP, Frazier OH, Taegtmeyer H. Intramyocardial lipid accumulation in the failing human heart resembles the lipotoxic rat heart. FASEB J. 2004 Nov;18(14):1692-700. doi: 10.1096/fj.04-2263com.
• Background Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Frascerra S, Baldi S, Mari A, Heise T, Broedl UC, Woerle HJ. Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Invest. 2014 Feb;124(2):499-508. doi: 10.1172/JCI72227. Epub 2014 Jan 27.
• Background Ferrannini E, Baldi S, Frascerra S, Astiarraga B, Heise T, Bizzotto R, Mari A, Pieber TR, Muscelli E. Shift to Fatty Substrate Utilization in Response to Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition in Subjects Without Diabetes and Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2016 May;65(5):1190-5. doi: 10.2337/db15-1356. Epub 2016 Feb 9.
• Background Mudaliar S, Alloju S, Henry RR. Can a Shift in Fuel Energetics Explain the Beneficial Cardiorenal Outcomes in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Study? A Unifying Hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jul;39(7):1115-22. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0542.
• Background Ferrannini E, Mark M, Mayoux E. CV Protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial: A "Thrifty Substrate" Hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jul;39(7):1108-14. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0330.
• Background Aubert CE, Michel PL, Gillery P, Jaisson S, Fonfrede M, Morel F, Hartemann A, Bourron O. Association of peripheral neuropathy with circulating advanced glycation end products, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and other risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014 Nov;30(8):679-85. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2529.
• Background Willemsen S, Hartog JW, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Meer P, Roze JF, Jaarsma T, Schalkwijk C, van der Horst IC, Hillege HL, Voors AA. The role of advanced glycation end-products and their receptor on outcome in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Am Heart J. 2012 Nov;164(5):742-749.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.07.027.
• Background Hartog JW, Voors AA, Bakker SJ, Smit AJ, van Veldhuisen DJ. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and heart failure: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007 Dec;9(12):1146-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.09.009.
• Background Oelze M, Kroller-Schon S, Welschof P, Jansen T, Hausding M, Mikhed Y, Stamm P, Mader M, Zinssius E, Agdauletova S, Gottschlich A, Steven S, Schulz E, Bottari SP, Mayoux E, Munzel T, Daiber A. The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin improves diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction in the streptozotocin diabetes rat model by interfering with oxidative stress and glucotoxicity. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 17;9(11):e112394. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112394. eCollection 2014.
• Background Jorgensen RM, Levitan J, Halevi Z, Puzanov N, Abildstrom SZ, Messier MD, Huikuri HV, Haarbo J, Thomsen PE, Jons C; CARISMA investigators. Heart rate variability density analysis (Dyx) for identification of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients among elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Europace. 2015 Dec;17(12):1848-54. doi: 10.1093/europace/euu394. Epub 2015 Mar 8.
• Background Ruwald AC, Bloch Thomsen PE, Gang U, Jorgensen RM, Huikuri HV, Jons C. New-onset atrial fibrillation predicts malignant arrhythmias in post-myocardial infarction patients--a Cardiac Arrhythmias and RIsk Stratification after acute Myocardial infarction (CARISMA) substudy. Am Heart J. 2013 Nov;166(5):855-63.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.08.017. Epub 2013 Sep 26.
• Background Ridderstrale M, Andersen KR, Zeller C, Kim G, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC; EMPA-REG H2H-SU trial investigators. Comparison of empagliflozin and glimepiride as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 104-week randomised, active-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Sep;2(9):691-700. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70120-2. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
• Background von Scholten BJ, Hasbak P, Christensen TE, Ghotbi AA, Kjaer A, Rossing P, Hansen TW. Cardiac (82)Rb PET/CT for fast and non-invasive assessment of microvascular function and structure in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2016 Feb;59(2):371-8. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3799-x. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
• Wolsk E, Jurgens M, Schou M, Ersboll M, Hasbak P, Kjaer A, Zerahn B, Brandt NH, Gaede PH, Rossing P, Faber J, Inzucchi SE, Kistorp CM, Gustafsson F. Randomized Controlled Trial of the Hemodynamic Effects of Empagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at High Cardiovascular Risk: The SIMPLE Trial. Diabetes. 2022 Apr 1;71(4):812-820. doi: 10.2337/db21-0721.
• Jurgens M, Schou M, Hasbak P, Kjaer A, Wolsk E, Zerahn B, Wiberg M, Brandt NH, Gaede PH, Rossing P, Faber J, Inzucchi S, Gustafsson F, Kistorp CM. Design of a randomised controlled trial of the effects of empagliflozin on myocardial perfusion, function and metabolism in type 2 diabetes patients at high cardiovascular risk (the SIMPLE trial). BMJ Open. 2019 Nov 27;9(11):e029098. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029098.

Drugs

Indications