Pembrolizumab in First Line Treatment of Advanced NSCLC Patients With PD-L1 Low Tumors.

Summary

This is a prospective, monocentric, open label, phase II trial of intravenous (IV) Pembrolizumab monotherapy in subjects previously untreated for their stage IIIB-IV, PD-L1 low non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Timeline

Start

2018-05-23

Primary completion

2022-05-31

Completion

2022-05-31

Publications

• Background Korman A, Chen B, Wang C, Wu L, Cardarelli P, Selby M. Activity of anti-PD-1 in murine tumor models: role of
• Background Rizvi NA,et al. Safety and clinical activity of Pembrolizumab as initial therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Presented at the ASCO Meeting 2014. abstract 8007.
• Background Garon EB, et al. Safety and clinical activity of Pembrolizumab in previously treated patients (pts) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Presented at the ASCO Meeting 2014. abstract 8020.
• Background Harriet M. Kluger, Sarah B. Goldberg, Mario Sznol, John Tsiouris, Alexander Vortmeyer, Lucia Jilaveanu, Amanda L. Ralabate, Angel L. Rivera, Matthew M. Burke, Upendra P. Hegbe, Justine Vanessa Cohen, Xiaopan Yao, Stephanie Speaker, Matthew Madura, Elizabeth Knapp-Perry, Amit Mahajan, Veronica Chiang. Safety and activity of Pembrolizumab in melanoma patients with untreated brain metastases. 2015 ASCO annual meeting
• Background A.S. Berghoff, C. Inan, G. Ricken, G. Widhalm, K. Dieckmann, P. Birner, F. Oberndorfer, B. Dome, R. Bartsch, C. Zielinski and M. Preusser. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (tils) and pd-l1 expression in non- small cell lung cancer brain metastases (bm) and matched primary tumors (pt). Ann oncol (2014) 25 (suppl 4): iv465-iv466.
• Results Disis ML. Immune regulation of cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 10;28(29):4531-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.2146. Epub 2010 Jun 1.
• Results Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, Roche PC, Lu J, Zhu G, Tamada K, Lennon VA, Celis E, Chen L. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med. 2002 Aug;8(8):793-800. doi: 10.1038/nm730. Epub 2002 Jun 24.
• Results Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ. The B7-CD28 superfamily. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Feb;2(2):116-26. doi: 10.1038/nri727.
• Results Brown JA, Dorfman DM, Ma FR, Sullivan EL, Munoz O, Wood CR, Greenfield EA, Freeman GJ. Blockade of programmed death-1 ligands on dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and cytokine production. J Immunol. 2003 Feb 1;170(3):1257-66. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1257.
• Results Francisco LM, Sage PT, Sharpe AH. The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev. 2010 Jul;236:219-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x.
• Results Thompson RH, Dong H, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, Kwon ED. PD-1 is expressed by tumor-infiltrating immune cells and is associated with poor outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 15;13(6):1757-61. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2599.
• Results Hino R, Kabashima K, Kato Y, Yagi H, Nakamura M, Honjo T, Okazaki T, Tokura Y. Tumor cell expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 is a prognostic factor for malignant melanoma. Cancer. 2010 Apr 1;116(7):1757-66. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24899.
• Results Nomi T, Sho M, Akahori T, Hamada K, Kubo A, Kanehiro H, Nakamura S, Enomoto K, Yagita H, Azuma M, Nakajima Y. Clinical significance and therapeutic potential of the programmed death-1 ligand/programmed death-1 pathway in human pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;13(7):2151-7. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2746.
• Results Gao Q, Wang XY, Qiu SJ, Yamato I, Sho M, Nakajima Y, Zhou J, Li BZ, Shi YH, Xiao YS, Xu Y, Fan J. Overexpression of PD-L1 significantly associates with tumor aggressiveness and postoperative recurrence in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 1;15(3):971-9. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1608.
• Results Hamanishi J, Mandai M, Iwasaki M, Okazaki T, Tanaka Y, Yamaguchi K, Higuchi T, Yagi H, Takakura K, Minato N, Honjo T, Fujii S. Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are prognostic factors of human ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 27;104(9):3360-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0611533104. Epub 2007 Feb 21.
• Results Fourcade J, Kudela P, Sun Z, Shen H, Land SR, Lenzner D, Guillaume P, Luescher IF, Sander C, Ferrone S, Kirkwood JM, Zarour HM. PD-1 is a regulator of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cell expansion in melanoma patients. J Immunol. 2009 May 1;182(9):5240-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803245.
• Results Cai G, Karni A, Oliveira EM, Weiner HL, Hafler DA, Freeman GJ. PD-1 ligands, negative regulators for activation of naive, memory, and recently activated human CD4+ T cells. Cell Immunol. 2004 Aug;230(2):89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.09.004.
• Results Blank C, Mackensen A. Contribution of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway to T-cell exhaustion: an update on implications for chronic infections and tumor evasion. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007 May;56(5):739-45. doi: 10.1007/s00262-006-0272-1. Epub 2006 Dec 29.
• Results Iwai Y, Ishida M, Tanaka Y, Okazaki T, Honjo T, Minato N. Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12293-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.192461099. Epub 2002 Sep 6.
• Results Tsushima F, Tanaka K, Otsuki N, Youngnak P, Iwai H, Omura K, Azuma M. Predominant expression of B7-H1 and its immunoregulatory roles in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2006 Mar;42(3):268-74. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.07.013. Epub 2005 Nov 3.
• Results Oble DA, Loewe R, Yu P, Mihm MC Jr. Focus on TILs: prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human melanoma. Cancer Immun. 2009 Apr 2;9:3.
• Results Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Carvajal RD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, Leming PD, Spigel DR, Antonia SJ, Horn L, Drake CG, Pardoll DM, Chen L, Sharfman WH, Anders RA, Taube JM, McMiller TL, Xu H, Korman AJ, Jure-Kunkel M, Agrawal S, McDonald D, Kollia GD, Gupta A, Wigginton JM, Sznol M. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 28;366(26):2443-54. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690. Epub 2012 Jun 2.
• Results Patnaik A, Kang SP, Rasco D, Papadopoulos KP, Elassaiss-Schaap J, Beeram M, Drengler R, Chen C, Smith L, Espino G, Gergich K, Delgado L, Daud A, Lindia JA, Li XN, Pierce RH, Yearley JH, Wu D, Laterza O, Lehnert M, Iannone R, Tolcher AW. Phase I Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475; Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Oct 1;21(19):4286-93. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2607. Epub 2015 May 14.
• Results Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, Akerley W, van den Eertwegh AJ, Lutzky J, Lorigan P, Vaubel JM, Linette GP, Hogg D, Ottensmeier CH, Lebbe C, Peschel C, Quirt I, Clark JI, Wolchok JD, Weber JS, Tian J, Yellin MJ, Nichol GM, Hoos A, Urba WJ. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 19;363(8):711-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003466. Epub 2010 Jun 5.
• Results Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, Haanen JB, Ascierto P, Larkin J, Dummer R, Garbe C, Testori A, Maio M, Hogg D, Lorigan P, Lebbe C, Jouary T, Schadendorf D, Ribas A, O'Day SJ, Sosman JA, Kirkwood JM, Eggermont AM, Dreno B, Nolop K, Li J, Nelson B, Hou J, Lee RJ, Flaherty KT, McArthur GA; BRIM-3 Study Group. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2507-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103782. Epub 2011 Jun 5.
• Results Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, O'Day S, Weber J, Garbe C, Lebbe C, Baurain JF, Testori A, Grob JJ, Davidson N, Richards J, Maio M, Hauschild A, Miller WH Jr, Gascon P, Lotem M, Harmankaya K, Ibrahim R, Francis S, Chen TT, Humphrey R, Hoos A, Wolchok JD. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2517-26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1104621. Epub 2011 Jun 5.
• Results Bellati F, Visconti V, Napoletano C, Antonilli M, Frati L, Panici PB, Nuti M. Immunology of gynecologic neoplasms: analysis of the prognostic significance of the immune status. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2009 Jun;9(4):541-65. doi: 10.2174/156800909788486722.
• Results Ruffell B, DeNardo DG, Affara NI, Coussens LM. Lymphocytes in cancer development: polarization towards pro-tumor immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010 Feb;21(1):3-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.11.002. Epub 2009 Dec 11.
• Results Shirabe K, Motomura T, Muto J, Toshima T, Matono R, Mano Y, Takeishi K, Ijichi H, Harada N, Uchiyama H, Yoshizumi T, Taketomi A, Maehara Y. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma: pathology and clinical management. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010 Dec;15(6):552-8. doi: 10.1007/s10147-010-0131-0. Epub 2010 Oct 21.
• Results Al-Shibli K, Al-Saad S, Andersen S, Donnem T, Bremnes RM, Busund LT. The prognostic value of intraepithelial and stromal CD3-, CD117- and CD138-positive cells in non-small cell lung carcinoma. APMIS. 2010 May;118(5):371-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02609.x.
• Results Clark CE, Beatty GL, Vonderheide RH. Immunosurveillance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: insights from genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. Cancer Lett. 2009 Jun 28;279(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.037. Epub 2008 Nov 14.
• Results Diederichsen AC, Hjelmborg Jv, Christensen PB, Zeuthen J, Fenger C. Prognostic value of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer and HLA-DR expression on tumour cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2003 Jul;52(7):423-8. doi: 10.1007/s00262-003-0388-5. Epub 2003 Apr 15.
• Results Gao Q, Qiu SJ, Fan J, Zhou J, Wang XY, Xiao YS, Xu Y, Li YW, Tang ZY. Intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 20;25(18):2586-93. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.4565.
• Results Hillen F, Baeten CI, van de Winkel A, Creytens D, van der Schaft DW, Winnepenninckx V, Griffioen AW. Leukocyte infiltration and tumor cell plasticity are parameters of aggressiveness in primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2008 Jan;57(1):97-106. doi: 10.1007/s00262-007-0353-9. Epub 2007 Jun 30.
• Results Laghi L, Bianchi P, Miranda E, Balladore E, Pacetti V, Grizzi F, Allavena P, Torri V, Repici A, Santoro A, Mantovani A, Roncalli M, Malesci A. CD3+ cells at the invasive margin of deeply invading (pT3-T4) colorectal cancer and risk of post-surgical metastasis: a longitudinal study. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Sep;10(9):877-84. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70186-X. Epub 2009 Aug 3.
• Results Li JF, Chu YW, Wang GM, Zhu TY, Rong RM, Hou J, Xu M. The prognostic value of peritumoral regulatory T cells and its correlation with intratumoral cyclooxygenase-2 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2009 Feb;103(3):399-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08151.x. Epub 2008 Nov 19.
• Results Nemolato S, Fanni D, Naccarato AG, Ravarino A, Bevilacqua G, Faa G. Lymphoepitelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report and a review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Aug 7;14(29):4694-6. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.4694.
• Results Nobili C, Degrate L, Caprotti R, Franciosi C, Leone BE, Trezzi R, Romano F, Uggeri F, Uggeri F. Prolonged survival of a patient affected by pancreatic adenocarcinoma with massive lymphocyte and dendritic cell infiltration after interleukin-2 immunotherapy. Report of a case. Tumori. 2008 May-Jun;94(3):426-30. doi: 10.1177/030089160809400323.
• Results Oshikiri T, Miyamoto M, Shichinohe T, Suzuoki M, Hiraoka K, Nakakubo Y, Shinohara T, Itoh T, Kondo S, Katoh H. Prognostic value of intratumoral CD8+ T lymphocyte in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma as essential immune response. J Surg Oncol. 2003 Dec;84(4):224-8. doi: 10.1002/jso.10321.
• Results Piersma SJ, Welters MJ, van der Burg SH. Tumor-specific regulatory T cells in cancer patients. Hum Immunol. 2008 Apr-May;69(4-5):241-9. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.02.005. Epub 2008 Mar 28.
• Results Rao UN, Lee SJ, Luo W, Mihm MC Jr, Kirkwood JM. Presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a dominant nodule within primary melanoma are prognostic factors for relapse-free survival of patients with thick (t4) primary melanoma: pathologic analysis of the e1690 and e1694 intergroup trials. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010 Apr;133(4):646-53. doi: 10.1309/AJCPTXMEFOVYWDA6.
• Results Sasaki A, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Inoue H, Kai S, Shibata K, Ohta M, Kitano S, Mori M. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008 Feb;34(2):173-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.08.008. Epub 2007 Oct 10.
• Results Shen Z, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li RL, Zhong C, Liang C, Sun Y. Higher intratumoral infiltrated Foxp3+ Treg numbers and Foxp3+/CD8+ ratio are associated with adverse prognosis in resectable gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct;136(10):1585-95. doi: 10.1007/s00432-010-0816-9. Epub 2010 Mar 11.
• Results Talmadge JE, Donkor M, Scholar E. Inflammatory cell infiltration of tumors: Jekyll or Hyde. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Dec;26(3-4):373-400. doi: 10.1007/s10555-007-9072-0.
• Results Usubutun A, Ayhan A, Uygur MC, Ozen H, Toklu C, Ruacan S. Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1998 Mar;17(1):77-81.
• Results Hiraoka N. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular biology. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010 Dec;15(6):544-51. doi: 10.1007/s10147-010-0130-1. Epub 2010 Oct 6.
• Results Hodi FS, Dranoff G. The biologic importance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J Cutan Pathol. 2010 Apr;37 Suppl 1(0 1):48-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01506.x.
• Results Kloor M. Lymphocyte infiltration and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Sep;10(9):840-1. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70245-1. No abstract available.
• Results Lee HE, Chae SW, Lee YJ, Kim MA, Lee HS, Lee BL, Kim WH. Prognostic implications of type and density of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008 Nov 18;99(10):1704-11. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604738. Epub 2008 Oct 21.
• Results Leffers N, Gooden MJ, de Jong RA, Hoogeboom BN, ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Boezen HM, van der Zee AG, Daemen T, Nijman HW. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes in primary and metastatic lesions of advanced stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 Mar;58(3):449-59. doi: 10.1007/s00262-008-0583-5. Epub 2008 Sep 13.
• Results Nishimura H, Honjo T, Minato N. Facilitation of beta selection and modification of positive selection in the thymus of PD-1-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 2000 Mar 6;191(5):891-8. doi: 10.1084/jem.191.5.891.
• Results Polcher M, Braun M, Friedrichs N, Rudlowski C, Bercht E, Fimmers R, Sauerwald A, Keyver-Paik MD, Kubler K, Buttner R, Kuhn WC, Hernando JJ. Foxp3(+) cell infiltration and granzyme B(+)/Foxp3(+) cell ratio are associated with outcome in neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 Jun;59(6):909-19. doi: 10.1007/s00262-010-0817-1. Epub 2010 Jan 20.
• Results Suzuki H, Chikazawa N, Tasaka T, Wada J, Yamasaki A, Kitaura Y, Sozaki M, Tanaka M, Onishi H, Morisaki T, Katano M. Intratumoral CD8(+) T/FOXP3 (+) cell ratio is a predictive marker for survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 May;59(5):653-61. doi: 10.1007/s00262-009-0781-9. Epub 2009 Nov 12.
• Results Chew V, Tow C, Teo M, Wong HL, Chan J, Gehring A, Loh M, Bolze A, Quek R, Lee VK, Lee KH, Abastado JP, Toh HC, Nardin A. Inflammatory tumour microenvironment is associated with superior survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J Hepatol. 2010 Mar;52(3):370-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.07.013. Epub 2009 Aug 3.
• Results Liotta F, Gacci M, Frosali F, Querci V, Vittori G, Lapini A, Santarlasci V, Serni S, Cosmi L, Maggi L, Angeli R, Mazzinghi B, Romagnani P, Maggi E, Carini M, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Frequency of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes correlates with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2011 May;107(9):1500-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09555.x. Epub 2010 Aug 24.
• Results Ropponen KM, Eskelinen MJ, Lipponen PK, Alhava E, Kosma VM. Prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in colorectal cancer. J Pathol. 1997 Jul;182(3):318-24. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199707)182:33.0.CO;2-6.
• Results Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Topalian SL, Restifo NP, Royal RE, Kammula U, White DE, Mavroukakis SA, Rogers LJ, Gracia GJ, Jones SA, Mangiameli DP, Pelletier MM, Gea-Banacloche J, Robinson MR, Berman DM, Filie AC, Abati A, Rosenberg SA. Adoptive cell transfer therapy following non-myeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr 1;23(10):2346-57. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.00.240.
• Results Hunder NN, Wallen H, Cao J, Hendricks DW, Reilly JZ, Rodmyre R, Jungbluth A, Gnjatic S, Thompson JA, Yee C. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2698-703. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0800251.
• Results Okazaki T, Maeda A, Nishimura H, Kurosaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 immunoreceptor inhibits B cell receptor-mediated signaling by recruiting src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 to phosphotyrosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13866-71. doi: 10.1073/pnas.231486598. Epub 2001 Nov 6.
• Results Greenwald RJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. The B7 family revisited. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:515-48. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115611.
• Results Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, Kefford R, Wolchok JD, Hersey P, Joseph RW, Weber JS, Dronca R, Gangadhar TC, Patnaik A, Zarour H, Joshua AM, Gergich K, Elassaiss-Schaap J, Algazi A, Mateus C, Boasberg P, Tumeh PC, Chmielowski B, Ebbinghaus SW, Li XN, Kang SP, Ribas A. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 11;369(2):134-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1305133. Epub 2013 Jun 2.
• Results Peters S, Adjei AA, Gridelli C, Reck M, Kerr K, Felip E; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23 Suppl 7:vii56-64. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds226. No abstract available.
• Results Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, Biesma B, Vansteenkiste J, Manegold C, Serwatowski P, Gatzemeier U, Digumarti R, Zukin M, Lee JS, Mellemgaard A, Park K, Patil S, Rolski J, Goksel T, de Marinis F, Simms L, Sugarman KP, Gandara D. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 20;26(21):3543-51. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0375. Epub 2008 May 27.
• Results Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, Langer C, Sandler A, Krook J, Zhu J, Johnson DH; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):92-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011954.
• Results Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011 Mar-Apr;61(2):69-90. doi: 10.3322/caac.20107. Epub 2011 Feb 4.
• Results Reck M, von Pawel J, Zatloukal P, Ramlau R, Gorbounova V, Hirsh V, Leighl N, Mezger J, Archer V, Moore N, Manegold C. Phase III trial of cisplatin plus gemcitabine with either placebo or bevacizumab as first-line therapy for nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: AVAil. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Mar 10;27(8):1227-34. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.5466. Epub 2009 Feb 2.
• Results Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, Brahmer J, Schiller JH, Dowlati A, Lilenbaum R, Johnson DH. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2542-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061884.
• Results Nishie K, Kawaguchi T, Tamiya A, Mimori T, Takeuchi N, Matsuda Y, Omachi N, Asami K, Okishio K, Atagi S, Okuma T, Kubo A, Maruyama Y, Kudoh S, Takada M. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors beyond progressive disease: a retrospective analysis for Japanese patients with activating EGFR mutations. J Thorac Oncol. 2012 Nov;7(11):1722-7. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31826913f7.
• Results Camidge DR, Bang YJ, Kwak EL, Iafrate AJ, Varella-Garcia M, Fox SB, Riely GJ, Solomon B, Ou SH, Kim DW, Salgia R, Fidias P, Engelman JA, Gandhi L, Janne PA, Costa DB, Shapiro GI, Lorusso P, Ruffner K, Stephenson P, Tang Y, Wilner K, Clark JW, Shaw AT. Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated results from a phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Oct;13(10):1011-9. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70344-3. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
• Results Fukuoka M, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, Sunpaweravong P, Leong SS, Sriuranpong V, Chao TY, Nakagawa K, Chu DT, Saijo N, Duffield EL, Rukazenkov Y, Speake G, Jiang H, Armour AA, To KF, Yang JC, Mok TS. Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS). J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jul 20;29(21):2866-74. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.4235. Epub 2011 Jun 13.
• Results Akbay EA, Koyama S, Carretero J, Altabef A, Tchaicha JH, Christensen CL, Mikse OR, Cherniack AD, Beauchamp EM, Pugh TJ, Wilkerson MD, Fecci PE, Butaney M, Reibel JB, Soucheray M, Cohoon TJ, Janne PA, Meyerson M, Hayes DN, Shapiro GI, Shimamura T, Sholl LM, Rodig SJ, Freeman GJ, Hammerman PS, Dranoff G, Wong KK. Activation of the PD-1 pathway contributes to immune escape in EGFR-driven lung tumors. Cancer Discov. 2013 Dec;3(12):1355-63. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0310. Epub 2013 Sep 27.
• Results Gettinger S, Herbst RS. B7-H1/PD-1 blockade therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: current status and future direction. Cancer J. 2014 Jul-Aug;20(4):281-9. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000063.
• Results Velcheti V, Schalper KA, Carvajal DE, Anagnostou VK, Syrigos KN, Sznol M, Herbst RS, Gettinger SN, Chen L, Rimm DL. Programmed death ligand-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Lab Invest. 2014 Jan;94(1):107-16. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.130. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
• Results Taube JM, Klein A, Brahmer JR, Xu H, Pan X, Kim JH, Chen L, Pardoll DM, Topalian SL, Anders RA. Association of PD-1, PD-1 ligands, and other features of the tumor immune microenvironment with response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Oct 1;20(19):5064-74. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-3271. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
• Results Bauer CA, Kim EY, Marangoni F, Carrizosa E, Claudio NM, Mempel TR. Dynamic Treg interactions with intratumoral APCs promote local CTL dysfunction. J Clin Invest. 2014 Jun;124(6):2425-40. doi: 10.1172/JCI66375. Epub 2014 May 8.
• Results Highfill SL, Cui Y, Giles AJ, Smith JP, Zhang H, Morse E, Kaplan RN, Mackall CL. Disruption of CXCR2-mediated MDSC tumor trafficking enhances anti-PD1 efficacy. Sci Transl Med. 2014 May 21;6(237):237ra67. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007974.
• Results Ascierto PA, Kalos M, Schaer DA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Biomarkers for immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies in combination strategies for melanoma and other tumor types. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 1;19(5):1009-20. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2982.
• Results Ng Tang D, Shen Y, Sun J, Wen S, Wolchok JD, Yuan J, Allison JP, Sharma P. Increased frequency of ICOS+ CD4 T cells as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2013 Oct;1(4):229-34. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0020. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
• Results Pico de Coana Y, Poschke I, Gentilcore G, Mao Y, Nystrom M, Hansson J, Masucci GV, Kiessling R. Ipilimumab treatment results in an early decrease in the frequency of circulating granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells as well as their Arginase1 production. Cancer Immunol Res. 2013 Sep;1(3):158-62. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0016. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
• Results Tarhini AA, Edington H, Butterfield LH, Lin Y, Shuai Y, Tawbi H, Sander C, Yin Y, Holtzman M, Johnson J, Rao UN, Kirkwood JM. Immune monitoring of the circulation and the tumor microenvironment in patients with regionally advanced melanoma receiving neoadjuvant ipilimumab. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 3;9(2):e87705. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087705. eCollection 2014.
• Results Improta G, Pelosi G, Tamborini E, Donia M, Santinami M, de Braud F, Fraggetta F. Biological insights into BRAFV600 mutations in melanoma patient: Not mere therapeutic targets. Oncoimmunology. 2013 Aug 1;2(8):e25594. doi: 10.4161/onci.25594. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
• Results Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Waterhouse D, Ready N, Gainor J, Aren Frontera O, Havel L, Steins M, Garassino MC, Aerts JG, Domine M, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Baudelet C, Harbison CT, Lestini B, Spigel DR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 9;373(2):123-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504627. Epub 2015 May 31.
• Results Bellmunt J, de Wit R, Vaughn DJ, Fradet Y, Lee JL, Fong L, Vogelzang NJ, Climent MA, Petrylak DP, Choueiri TK, Necchi A, Gerritsen W, Gurney H, Quinn DI, Culine S, Sternberg CN, Mai Y, Poehlein CH, Perini RF, Bajorin DF; KEYNOTE-045 Investigators. Pembrolizumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 16;376(11):1015-1026. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613683. Epub 2017 Feb 17.
• Results Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, Gottfried M, Peled N, Tafreshi A, Cuffe S, O'Brien M, Rao S, Hotta K, Leiby MA, Lubiniecki GM, Shentu Y, Rangwala R, Brahmer JR; KEYNOTE-024 Investigators. Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1823-1833. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606774. Epub 2016 Oct 8.
• Results Nghiem PT, Bhatia S, Lipson EJ, Kudchadkar RR, Miller NJ, Annamalai L, Berry S, Chartash EK, Daud A, Fling SP, Friedlander PA, Kluger HM, Kohrt HE, Lundgren L, Margolin K, Mitchell A, Olencki T, Pardoll DM, Reddy SA, Shantha EM, Sharfman WH, Sharon E, Shemanski LR, Shinohara MM, Sunshine JC, Taube JM, Thompson JA, Townson SM, Yearley JH, Topalian SL, Cheever MA. PD-1 Blockade with Pembrolizumab in Advanced Merkel-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 30;374(26):2542-52. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603702. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
• Results Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, Patnaik A, Aggarwal C, Gubens M, Horn L, Carcereny E, Ahn MJ, Felip E, Lee JS, Hellmann MD, Hamid O, Goldman JW, Soria JC, Dolled-Filhart M, Rutledge RZ, Zhang J, Lunceford JK, Rangwala R, Lubiniecki GM, Roach C, Emancipator K, Gandhi L; KEYNOTE-001 Investigators. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 21;372(21):2018-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1501824. Epub 2015 Apr 19.
• Results Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, Daud A, Carlino MS, McNeil C, Lotem M, Larkin J, Lorigan P, Neyns B, Blank CU, Hamid O, Mateus C, Shapira-Frommer R, Kosh M, Zhou H, Ibrahim N, Ebbinghaus S, Ribas A; KEYNOTE-006 investigators. Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 25;372(26):2521-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1503093. Epub 2015 Apr 19.
• Results Alley EW, Lopez J, Santoro A, Morosky A, Saraf S, Piperdi B, van Brummelen E. Clinical safety and activity of pembrolizumab in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (KEYNOTE-028): preliminary results from a non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 May;18(5):623-630. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30169-9. Epub 2017 Mar 11.
• Results Seiwert TY, Burtness B, Mehra R, Weiss J, Berger R, Eder JP, Heath K, McClanahan T, Lunceford J, Gause C, Cheng JD, Chow LQ. Safety and clinical activity of pembrolizumab for treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-012): an open-label, multicentre, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jul;17(7):956-965. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30066-3. Epub 2016 May 27.
• Results Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, Felip E, Perez-Gracia JL, Han JY, Molina J, Kim JH, Arvis CD, Ahn MJ, Majem M, Fidler MJ, de Castro G Jr, Garrido M, Lubiniecki GM, Shentu Y, Im E, Dolled-Filhart M, Garon EB. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Apr 9;387(10027):1540-1550. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01281-7. Epub 2015 Dec 19.
• Results Ribas A, Puzanov I, Dummer R, Schadendorf D, Hamid O, Robert C, Hodi FS, Schachter J, Pavlick AC, Lewis KD, Cranmer LD, Blank CU, O'Day SJ, Ascierto PA, Salama AK, Margolin KA, Loquai C, Eigentler TK, Gangadhar TC, Carlino MS, Agarwala SS, Moschos SJ, Sosman JA, Goldinger SM, Shapira-Frommer R, Gonzalez R, Kirkwood JM, Wolchok JD, Eggermont A, Li XN, Zhou W, Zernhelt AM, Lis J, Ebbinghaus S, Kang SP, Daud A. Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma (KEYNOTE-002): a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Aug;16(8):908-18. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00083-2. Epub 2015 Jun 23.
• Results Chow LQM, Haddad R, Gupta S, Mahipal A, Mehra R, Tahara M, Berger R, Eder JP, Burtness B, Lee SH, Keam B, Kang H, Muro K, Weiss J, Geva R, Lin CC, Chung HC, Meister A, Dolled-Filhart M, Pathiraja K, Cheng JD, Seiwert TY. Antitumor Activity of Pembrolizumab in Biomarker-Unselected Patients With Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Results From the Phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 Expansion Cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Nov 10;34(32):3838-3845. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.68.1478. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
• Results Daud AI, Wolchok JD, Robert C, Hwu WJ, Weber JS, Ribas A, Hodi FS, Joshua AM, Kefford R, Hersey P, Joseph R, Gangadhar TC, Dronca R, Patnaik A, Zarour H, Roach C, Toland G, Lunceford JK, Li XN, Emancipator K, Dolled-Filhart M, Kang SP, Ebbinghaus S, Hamid O. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression and Response to the Anti-Programmed Death 1 Antibody Pembrolizumab in Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;34(34):4102-4109. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.67.2477. Epub 2016 Oct 31.

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