Two-drug Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Scheduled Cesarean Deliveries

Summary

Cesarean deliveries are the most common surgical procedure performed in the United States. A significant decrease in cesarean delivery associated maternal morbidity has been achieved with preoperative prophylactic single-dose cephalosporin, widely used before skin incision. Also, on laboring patients and/or with rupture of membranes, several studies suggest that adding azithromycin to standard cephalosporin prophylaxis is cost-effective and reduces overall rates of endometritis, wound infection, readmission, use of antibiotics and serious maternal events. Azithromycin has effective coverage against Ureaplasma, associated with increased rates of endometritis. Although two-drug regimen has been suggested for laboring and/or patients that undergo cesarean delivery, no studies have investigated the potential benefits of two-drug regimen in non-laboring patients.

Timeline

Start

2019-09-15

Primary completion

2019-09-30

Completion

2020-11-30

Publications

• Background Tita ATN, Rouse DJ, Blackwell S, Saade GR, Spong CY, Andrews WW. Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar;113(3):675-682. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318197c3b6.
• Background Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, Savage K, Goldenberg RL. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jun;101(6):1183-9. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(03)00016-4.
• Background Boggess KA, Tita A, Jauk V, Saade G, Longo S, Clark EAS, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Blackwell S, Beamon C, Szychowski JM, Andrews W; Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis Trial Consortium. Risk Factors for Postcesarean Maternal Infection in a Trial of Extended-Spectrum Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):481-485. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001899.
• Background Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, Saade G, Longo S, Clark E, Esplin S, Cleary K, Wapner R, Letson K, Owens M, Abramovici A, Ambalavanan N, Cutter G, Andrews W; C/SOAP Trial Consortium. Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 29;375(13):1231-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602044.
• Background Andrews WW, Shah SR, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Hauth JC, Cassell GH. Association of post-cesarean delivery endometritis with colonization of the chorioamnion by Ureaplasma urealyticum. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Apr;85(4):509-14. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00436-H.
• Background Harper LM, Kilgore M, Szychowski JM, Andrews WW, Tita ATN. Economic Evaluation of Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):328-334. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002129.
• Background Tita AT, Hauth JC, Grimes A, Owen J, Stamm AM, Andrews WW. Decreasing incidence of postcesarean endometritis with extended-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan;111(1):51-6. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000295868.43851.39.
• Background ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 120: Use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;117(6):1472-1483. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182238c31. No abstract available.
• Background Skeith AE, Niu B, Valent AM, Tuuli MG, Caughey AB. Adding Azithromycin to Cephalosporin for Cesarean Delivery Infection Prophylaxis: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;130(6):1279-1284. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002333.
• Background Smith C, Egunsola O, Choonara I, Kotecha S, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Sammons H. Use and safety of azithromycin in neonates: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 9;5(12):e008194. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008194.
• Background Sutton AL, Acosta EP, Larson KB, Kerstner-Wood CD, Tita AT, Biggio JR. Perinatal pharmacokinetics of azithromycin for cesarean prophylaxis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;212(6):812.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.015. Epub 2015 Jan 13.
• Background Smaill FM, Grivell RM. Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;2014(10):CD007482. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007482.pub3.

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