Binge Eating & Birth Control

Summary

This pilot study examines the effect of stabilizing ovarian hormones on eating behaviors and brain activation in women with binge eating (n=15) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral tests. This is completed by taking oral contraceptives (birth control) continuously for three months. Prior to medication administration and at the end of treatment, eating behaviors will be measured and fMRI will be conducted in order to examine changes in activation in dopamine-reward pathways that occur with oral contraceptive administration. This will assess changes in brain activation that occur with the stabilization of ovarian hormones.

Timeline

Start

2020-09-24

Primary completion

2022-05-17

Completion

2022-05-17

Publications

• Background American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. 2013, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
• Background Baker JH, Girdler SS, Bulik CM. The role of reproductive hormones in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Nov 1;7(6):573-583. doi: 10.1586/eog.12.54.
• Background Edler C, Lipson SF, Keel PK. Ovarian hormones and binge eating in bulimia nervosa. Psychol Med. 2007 Jan;37(1):131-41. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706008956. Epub 2006 Oct 12.
• Background Lester NA, Keel PK, Lipson SF. Symptom fluctuation in bulimia nervosa: relation to menstrual-cycle phase and cortisol levels. Psychol Med. 2003 Jan;33(1):51-60. doi: 10.1017/s0033291702006815.
• Background Price WA, Torem MS, DiMarzio LR. Premenstrual exacerbation of bulimia. Psychosomatics. 1987 Jul;28(7):378-9. doi: 10.1016/s0033-3182(87)72511-0. No abstract available.
• Background Gladis MM, Walsh BT. Premenstrual exacerbation of binge eating in bulimia. Am J Psychiatry. 1987 Dec;144(12):1592-5. doi: 10.1176/ajp.144.12.1592.
• Background Asarian L, Geary N. Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Jul 29;361(1471):1251-63. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1860.
• Background Naessen S, Carlstrom K, Bystrom B, Pierre Y, Hirschberg AL. Effects of an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive on appetite and eating behavior in bulimic women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jun;32(5):548-54. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.008. Epub 2007 May 2.
• Background Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Esposito F, Prinster A, Volpe U, Cantone E, Pellegrino F, Canna A, Milano W, Aiello M, Di Salle F, Maj M. Altered processing of rewarding and aversive basic taste stimuli in symptomatic women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: An fMRI study. J Psychiatr Res. 2017 Jul;90:94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.013. Epub 2017 Feb 21.
• Background Forbush KT, Wildes JE, Pollack LO, Dunbar D, Luo J, Patterson K, Petruzzi L, Pollpeter M, Miller H, Stone A, Bright A, Watson D. Development and validation of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (EPSI). Psychol Assess. 2013 Sep;25(3):859-78. doi: 10.1037/a0032639. Epub 2013 Jul 1.
• Background Franken IH, Muris P, Georgieva I. Gray's model of personality and addiction. Addict Behav. 2006 Mar;31(3):399-403. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.022. Epub 2005 Jun 16.
• Background Harrison A, O'Brien N, Lopez C, Treasure J. Sensitivity to reward and punishment in eating disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2010 May 15;177(1-2):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.010. Epub 2010 Apr 9.
• Background Knutson B, Westdorp A, Kaiser E, Hommer D. FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. Neuroimage. 2000 Jul;12(1):20-7. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0593.
• Background Le Strat Y, Dubertret C, Le Foll B. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive episode in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. J Affect Disord. 2011 Dec;135(1-3):128-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.004. Epub 2011 Jul 29.
• Background Lee EE, Nieman LK, Martinez PE, Harsh VL, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ. ACTH and cortisol response to Dex/CRH testing in women with and without premenstrual dysphoria during GnRH agonist-induced hypogonadism and ovarian steroid replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):1887-96. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3451. Epub 2012 Mar 30.
• Background Legro RS, Ary BA, Paulson RJ, Stanczyk FZ, Sauer MV. Premature luteinization as detected by elevated serum progesterone is associated with a higher pregnancy rate in donor oocyte in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1993 Sep;8(9):1506-11. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138288.
• Background Leibenluft E, Schmidt PJ, Turner EH, Danaceau MA, Ashman SB, Wehr TA, Rubinow DR. Effects of leuprolide-induced hypogonadism and testosterone replacement on sleep, melatonin, and prolactin secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3203-7. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.10.4270.
• Background Leibenluft E. Pediatric Irritability: A Systems Neuroscience Approach. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017 Apr;21(4):277-289. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.002. Epub 2017 Mar 6.
• Background Leibenluft E, Cohen P, Gorrindo T, Brook JS, Pine DS. Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: a community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006 Aug;16(4):456-66. doi: 10.1089/cap.2006.16.456.
• Background Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL, Weiss NS, Tang MT, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3254-63. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.24.3254.
• Background Licciardi F, Berkeley AS, Krey L, Grifo J, Noyes N. A two- versus three-embryo transfer: the oocyte donation model. Fertil Steril. 2001 Mar;75(3):510-3. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01755-6.
• Background Licciardi FL, Kwiatkowski A, Noyes NL, Berkeley AS, Krey LL, Grifo JA. Oral versus intramuscular progesterone for in vitro fertilization: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril. 1999 Apr;71(4):614-8. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00515-9.
• Background Lobo RA. Evaluation of cardiovascular event rates with hormone therapy in healthy, early postmenopausal women: results from 2 large clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Mar 8;164(5):482-4. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.5.482. No abstract available.
• Background Lopez OL, Becker JT, Sweet RA, Klunk W, Kaufer DI, Saxton J, Habeych M, DeKosky ST. Psychiatric symptoms vary with the severity of dementia in probable Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003 Summer;15(3):346-53. doi: 10.1176/jnp.15.3.346.
• Background Lukaszuk K, Liss J, Lukaszuk M, Maj B. Optimization of estradiol supplementation during the luteal phase improves the pregnancy rate in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles. Fertil Steril. 2005 May;83(5):1372-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.055.
• Background Mandel FP, Geola FL, Meldrum DR, Lu JH, Eggena P, Sambhi MP, Hershman JM, Judd HL. Biological effects of various doses of vaginally administered conjugated equine estrogens in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983 Jul;57(1):133-9. doi: 10.1210/jcem-57-1-133.
• Background Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, Rossouw JE, Assaf AR, Lasser NL, Trevisan M, Black HR, Heckbert SR, Detrano R, Strickland OL, Wong ND, Crouse JR, Stein E, Cushman M; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 7;349(6):523-34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030808.
• Background Matthews KA, Berga SL, Owens JF, Flory JD. Effects of short-term suppression of ovarian hormones on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to stress in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998 May;23(4):307-22. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00013-4.
• Background McGuire K, Fung LK, Hagopian L, Vasa RA, Mahajan R, Bernal P, Silberman AE, Wolfe A, Coury DL, Hardan AY, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Whitaker AH. Irritability and Problem Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Practice Pathway for Pediatric Primary Care. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb;137 Suppl 2:S136-48. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2851L. Epub 2016 Feb 1.
• Background McLaren DG, Ries ML, Xu G, Johnson SC. A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): a comparison to standard approaches. Neuroimage. 2012 Jul 16;61(4):1277-86. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.068. Epub 2012 Mar 30.
• Background McNaughton N, Corr PJ. A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004 May;28(3):285-305. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005.
• Background Melis GB, Fruzzetti F, Paoletti AM, Carmassi F, Fioretti P. Fibrinopeptide A plasma levels during low-estrogen oral contraceptive treatment. Contraception. 1984 Dec;30(6):575-83. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(84)90007-6.
• Background Mezrow G, Shoupe D, Spicer D, Lobo R, Leung B, Pike M. Depot leuprolide acetate with estrogen and progestin add-back for long-term treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1994 Nov;62(5):932-7.
• Background Mirkin S, Gimeno TG, Bovea C, Stadtmauer L, Gibbons WE, Oehninger S. Factors associated with an optimal pregnancy outcome in an oocyte donation program. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2003 Oct;20(10):400-8. doi: 10.1023/a:1026236726568.
• Background Mitwally MF, Gotlieb L, Casper RF. Prevention of bone loss and hypoestrogenic symptoms by estrogen and interrupted progestogen add-back in long-term GnRH-agonist down-regulated patients with endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome. Menopause. 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):236-41. doi: 10.1097/00042192-200207000-00004.
• Background Mogg K, Bradley BP. Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: a replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task. Behav Res Ther. 1999 Jun;37(6):595-604. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00158-2.
• Background Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Attentional Bias in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Versus Depressive Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1646-y
• Background Moses-Kolko EL, Fraser D, Wisner KL, James JA, Saul AT, Fiez JA, Phillips ML. Rapid habituation of ventral striatal response to reward receipt in postpartum depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Aug 15;70(4):395-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.021. Epub 2011 Apr 20.
• Background Moses-Kolko EL, Perlman SB, Wisner KL, James J, Saul AT, Phillips ML. Abnormally reduced dorsomedial prefrontal cortical activity and effective connectivity with amygdala in response to negative emotional faces in postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;167(11):1373-80. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081235. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
• Background Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA. Adult claustrophobia, anxiety and sedation in MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;15(1):51-4. doi: 10.1016/s0730-725x(96)00351-7.
• Background Nagy ZP, Chang CC, Shapiro DB, Bernal DP, Elsner CW, Mitchell-Leef D, Toledo AA, Kort HI. Clinical evaluation of the efficiency of an oocyte donation program using egg cryo-banking. Fertil Steril. 2009 Aug;92(2):520-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.005. Epub 2008 Aug 9.
• Background Nieman, L. K., & Loriaux, D. L. (1992). Estrogens and progestins. In Textbook of pharmacology (pp. 695-716). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company.
• Background Noyes N, Hampton BS, Berkeley A, Licciardi F, Grifo J, Krey L. Factors useful in predicting the success of oocyte donation: a 3-year retrospective analysis. Fertil Steril. 2001 Jul;76(1):92-7. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01823-4.
• Background Oates M. Perinatal psychiatric disorders: a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Br Med Bull. 2003;67:219-29. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldg011.
• Background Padilla SL, Smith RD, Garcia JE. The Lupron screening test: tailoring the use of leuprolide acetate in ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1991 Jul;56(1):79-83. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54421-5.
• Background Paulson RJ, Hatch IE, Lobo RA, Sauer MV. Cumulative conception and live birth rates after oocyte donation: implications regarding endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod. 1997 Apr;12(4):835-9. doi: 10.1093/humrep/12.4.835.
• Background Penn DL, Spaulding W, Reed D, Sullivan M. The relationship of social cognition to ward behavior in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1996 Jul 5;20(3):327-35. doi: 10.1016/0920-9964(96)00010-2.
• Background Peress MR, Phillips HM. Quintuplet gestation following transfer of five cryopreserved embryos: conditions stimulating thawed-embryo implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1998 Sep;15(8):521-3. doi: 10.1023/a:1022590605998. No abstract available.
• Background Perlis RH, Fraguas R, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, Rush AJ. Prevalence and clinical correlates of irritability in major depressive disorder: a preliminary report from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;66(2):159-66; quiz 147, 273-4.
• Background Petitti DB, Sidney S, Perlman JA. Increased risk of cholecystectomy in users of supplemental estrogen. Gastroenterology. 1988 Jan;94(1):91-5. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90614-2.
• Background Pizzagalli DA, Holmes AJ, Dillon DG, Goetz EL, Birk JL, Bogdan R, Dougherty DD, Iosifescu DV, Rauch SL, Fava M. Reduced caudate and nucleus accumbens response to rewards in unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;166(6):702-10. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08081201. Epub 2009 May 1.
• Background Postpartum Depression: Action Towards Causes and Treatment (PACT) Consortium. Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;2(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00055-8. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
• Background Prentice RL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, Howard BV, Pettinger M, Anderson GL, Barad D, Curb JD, Kotchen J, Kuller L, Limacher M, Wactawski-Wende J; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Apr 1;163(7):589-99. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj079. Epub 2006 Feb 16.
• Background Prentice RL, Langer R, Stefanick ML, Howard BV, Pettinger M, Anderson G, Barad D, Curb JD, Kotchen J, Kuller L, Limacher M, Wactawski-Wende J; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Combined postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: toward resolving the discrepancy between observational studies and the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 1;162(5):404-14. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi223. Epub 2005 Jul 20.
• Background Price M, van Stolk-Cooke K. Examination of the interrelations between the factors of PTSD, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder in a heterogeneous trauma-exposed sample using DSM 5 criteria. J Affect Disord. 2015 Nov 1;186:149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.012. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
• Background Rice VC, Richard-Davis G, Saleh AA, Ginsburg KA, Mammen EF, Moghissi K, Leach R. Fibrinolytic parameters in women undergoing ovulation induction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Dec;169(6):1549-53. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90434-k.
• Background Rich BA, Holroyd T, Carver FW, Onelio LM, Mendoza JK, Cornwell BR, Fox NA, Pine DS, Coppola R, Leibenluft E. A preliminary study of the neural mechanisms of frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder using magnetoencephalography. Depress Anxiety. 2010 Mar;27(3):276-86. doi: 10.1002/da.20649.
• Background Rich BA, Schmajuk M, Perez-Edgar KE, Fox NA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Different psychophysiological and behavioral responses elicited by frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;164(2):309-17. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.309.
• Background Rich BA, Schmajuk M, Perez-Edgar KE, Pine DS, Fox NA, Leibenluft E. The impact of reward, punishment, and frustration on attention in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 1;58(7):532-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.006. Epub 2005 Jun 13.
• Background Riem MM, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Pieper S, Tops M, Boksem MA, Vermeiren RR, van Ijzendoorn MH, Rombouts SA. Oxytocin modulates amygdala, insula, and inferior frontal gyrus responses to infant crying: a randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Aug 1;70(3):291-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.006. Epub 2011 Apr 5.
• Background Roca CA, Schmidt PJ, Altemus M, Deuster P, Danaceau MA, Putnam K, Rubinow DR. Differential menstrual cycle regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3057-63. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-021570.
• Background Roca CA, Schmidt PJ, Deuster PA, Danaceau MA, Altemus M, Putnam K, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK, Rubinow DR. Sex-related differences in stimulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during induced gonadal suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4224-31. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-2525. Epub 2005 May 10.
• Background Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.321.
• Background Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. John Wiley & Sons.
• Background Saleh AA, Ginsburg KA, Duchon TA, Dorey LG, Hirata J, Alshameeri RS, Dombrowski MP, Mammen EF. Hormonal contraception and platelet function. Thromb Res. 1995 May 15;78(4):363-7. doi: 10.1016/0049-3848(95)91464-v.
• Background Salum GA, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Stringaris A, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Rohde LA, Polanczyk GV, Manfro GG, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Association between irritability and bias in attention orienting to threat in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017 May;58(5):595-602. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12659. Epub 2016 Oct 26.
• Background Sanchez LA, Moran C, Reyna R, Ochoa T, Boots LR, Azziz R. Adrenal progestogen and androgen production in 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia is partially independent of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. Fertil Steril. 2002 Apr;77(4):750-3. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)03236-8.
• Background Sauer MV, Paulson RJ, Lobo RA. Reversing the natural decline in human fertility. An extended clinical trial of oocyte donation to women of advanced reproductive age. JAMA. 1992 Sep 9;268(10):1275-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.268.10.1275.
• Background Savage J, Verhulst B, Copeland W, Althoff RR, Lichtenstein P, Roberson-Nay R. A genetically informed study of the longitudinal relation between irritability and anxious/depressed symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 May;54(5):377-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.010. Epub 2015 Feb 28.
• Background Schiller CE, Johnson SL, Abate AC, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Reproductive Steroid Regulation of Mood and Behavior. Compr Physiol. 2016 Jun 13;6(3):1135-60. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c150014.
• Background Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR. Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 22;338(4):209-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199801223380401.
• Background Schmidt PJ, Steinberg EM, Negro PP, Haq N, Gibson C, Rubinow DR. Pharmacologically induced hypogonadism and sexual function in healthy young women and men. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Feb;34(3):565-76. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.24. Epub 2008 Mar 19.
• Background Scott LN, Stepp SD, Hallquist MN, Whalen DJ, Wright AGC, Pilkonis PA. Daily shame and hostile irritability in adolescent girls with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Personal Disord. 2015 Jan;6(1):53-63. doi: 10.1037/per0000107.
• Background Scribner DR Jr, Walker JL. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma preoperative treatment with Depo-Lupron and Megace. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Dec;71(3):458-60. doi: 10.1006/gyno.1998.5174.
• Background Simon JJ, Walther S, Fiebach CJ, Friederich HC, Stippich C, Weisbrod M, Kaiser S. Neural reward processing is modulated by approach- and avoidance-related personality traits. Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 15;49(2):1868-74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.016. Epub 2009 Sep 18.
• Background Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Bannister PR, De Luca M, Drobnjak I, Flitney DE, Niazy RK, Saunders J, Vickers J, Zhang Y, De Stefano N, Brady JM, Matthews PM. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage. 2004;23 Suppl 1:S208-19. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051.
• Background Smoski MJ, Felder J, Bizzell J, Green SR, Ernst M, Lynch TR, Dichter GS. fMRI of alterations in reward selection, anticipation, and feedback in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2009 Nov;118(1-3):69-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.034. Epub 2009 Mar 3.
• Background Spinelli MG, Endicott J, Goetz RR, Segre LS. Reanalysis of efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for antepartum depression versus parenting education program: initial severity of depression as a predictor of treatment outcome. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;77(4):535-40. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m09787.
• Background Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study. N Engl J Med. 1991 Sep 12;325(11):756-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199109123251102.
• Background Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, Hendrix SL, Rodabough RJ, Paskett ED, Lane DS, Hubbell FA, Assaf AR, Sarto GE, Schenken RS, Yasmeen S, Lessin L, Chlebowski RT; WHI Investigators. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1647-57. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.14.1647.
• Background Steinauer JE, Waetjen LE, Vittinghoff E, Subak LL, Hulley SB, Grady D, Lin F, Brown JS. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: does it cause incontinence? Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5 Pt 1):940-5. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000180394.08406.15.
• Background Steingold KA, Matt DW, DeZiegler D, Sealey JE, Fratkin M, Reznikov S. Comparison of transdermal to oral estradiol administration on hormonal and hepatic parameters in women with premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Aug;73(2):275-80. doi: 10.1210/jcem-73-2-275.
• Background Stoddard J, Tseng WL, Kim P, Chen G, Yi J, Donahue L, Brotman MA, Towbin KE, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Association of Irritability and Anxiety With the Neural Mechanisms of Implicit Face Emotion Processing in Youths With Psychopathology. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 1;74(1):95-103. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3282.

Drugs

Indications