Osimertinib With Bevacizumab for Leptomeningeal Metastasis From EGFR-mutation Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Summary

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a fatal complication of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) associated with poor prognosis and rapid deterioration of performance status. The incidence of LM is increasing, reaching 3.8% in molecularly unselected NSCLC patients, being more frequent in adenocarcinoma subtype and up to 9% in epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFRm) lung cancer patients, one-third of patients have concomitant brain metastasis . This increased incidence may in part be conducive to the increased survival of patients with EGFRm advanced NSCLC since the introduction of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitions (TKIs).Currently, no standard therapeutic regimen for LM has been established because of its rarity and heterogeneity\[11\], and no approved therapies exists to specifically target LM in patients with EGFRm NSCLC. TKIs therapy is the first-line treatment of patients with EGFRm of NSCLC. The leptomeningeal space is a sanctuary site for tumour cells and therapeutic agents due to the presence of an active blood-brain barrier (BBB), so CSF concentration is an important factor affecting treatment of LM by TKIs. Standard-dose first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs have good systemic efficacy but sub-optimal CNS penetration, as evidenced by preclinical studies of brain distribution and clinical reports of CSF penetration\[15, 16\]. Osimertinib is a third-generation EGFR-TKI, irreversible, oral EGFR-TKI that potently and selectively inhibits both EGFR-TKI sensitizing and EGFR T790M resistance mutations, which has demonstrated efficacy in NSCLC CNS metastasis\[17-22\]. Preclinical, I/II clinical studies and AURA program (AURA extension, AURA2, AURA17 and AURA3) have shown that Osimertinib has higher brain permeability than the first- and second-generation. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), animal studies and autopsy specimens show that VEGF plays an important role in LM. VEGF and EGFR share many overlapping and parallel downstream pathways. The biological rationale shows that inhibiting of EGFR and VEGR signaling pathways could improve the efficacy of antitumor and remove the resistance of EGFR inhibition. Besides, preclinical researches have shown the similar results. Based on these, numbers of clinical trials have confirmed that VEGF inhibitors in combination with EGFR-TKI significantly prolong patients' survival.

Timeline

Start

2017-10-01

Primary completion

2020-07-01

Completion

2021-06-01

Publications

• Results Ramalingam SS, Vansteenkiste J, Planchard D, Cho BC, Gray JE, Ohe Y, Zhou C, Reungwetwattana T, Cheng Y, Chewaskulyong B, Shah R, Cobo M, Lee KH, Cheema P, Tiseo M, John T, Lin MC, Imamura F, Kurata T, Todd A, Hodge R, Saggese M, Rukazenkov Y, Soria JC; FLAURA Investigators. Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Untreated, EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jan 2;382(1):41-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1913662. Epub 2019 Nov 21.
• Results Flippot R, Biondani P, Auclin E, Xiao D, Hendriks L, Le Rhun E, Leduc C, Beau-Faller M, Gervais R, Remon J, Adam J, Planchard D, Lavaud P, Naltet C, Caramella C, Le Pechoux C, Lacroix L, Gazzah A, Mezquita L, Besse B. Activity of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in NSCLC With Refractory Leptomeningeal Metastases. J Thorac Oncol. 2019 Aug;14(8):1400-1407. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.05.007. Epub 2019 May 18.
• Results Akamatsu H, Teraoka S, Morita S, Katakami N, Tachihara M, Daga H, Yamamoto N, Nakagawa K. Phase I/II Study of Osimertinib With Bevacizumab in EGFR-mutated, T790M-positive Patients With Progressed EGFR-TKIs: West Japan Oncology Group 8715L (WJOG8715L). Clin Lung Cancer. 2019 Jul;20(4):e492-e494. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2019.03.002. Epub 2019 Mar 19.
• Results Wu YL, Ahn MJ, Garassino MC, Han JY, Katakami N, Kim HR, Hodge R, Kaur P, Brown AP, Ghiorghiu D, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Mok TSK. CNS Efficacy of Osimertinib in Patients With T790M-Positive Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Data From a Randomized Phase III Trial (AURA3). J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 10;36(26):2702-2709. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.77.9363. Epub 2018 Jul 30.
• Results Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC. Leptomeningeal metastasis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;149:169-204. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811161-1.00013-X.
• Results Soria JC, Ohe Y, Vansteenkiste J, Reungwetwattana T, Chewaskulyong B, Lee KH, Dechaphunkul A, Imamura F, Nogami N, Kurata T, Okamoto I, Zhou C, Cho BC, Cheng Y, Cho EK, Voon PJ, Planchard D, Su WC, Gray JE, Lee SM, Hodge R, Marotti M, Rukazenkov Y, Ramalingam SS; FLAURA Investigators. Osimertinib in Untreated EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 11;378(2):113-125. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1713137. Epub 2017 Nov 18.
• Results Gregorc V, Lazzari C, Karachaliou N, Rosell R, Santarpia M. Osimertinib in untreated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2018 Apr;7(Suppl 2):S165-S170. doi: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.03.19. No abstract available.
• Results Cross DA, Ashton SE, Ghiorghiu S, Eberlein C, Nebhan CA, Spitzler PJ, Orme JP, Finlay MR, Ward RA, Mellor MJ, Hughes G, Rahi A, Jacobs VN, Red Brewer M, Ichihara E, Sun J, Jin H, Ballard P, Al-Kadhimi K, Rowlinson R, Klinowska T, Richmond GH, Cantarini M, Kim DW, Ranson MR, Pao W. AZD9291, an irreversible EGFR TKI, overcomes T790M-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer. Cancer Discov. 2014 Sep;4(9):1046-61. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0337. Epub 2014 Jun 3.
• Results Umemura S, Tsubouchi K, Yoshioka H, Hotta K, Takigawa N, Fujiwara K, Horita N, Segawa Y, Hamada N, Takata I, Yamane H, Kamei H, Kiura K, Tanimoto M. Clinical outcome in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group. Lung Cancer. 2012 Jul;77(1):134-9. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.03.002. Epub 2012 Apr 7.
• Results Tabernero J. The role of VEGF and EGFR inhibition: implications for combining anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR agents. Mol Cancer Res. 2007 Mar;5(3):203-20. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0404.
• Results De Luca A, Carotenuto A, Rachiglio A, Gallo M, Maiello MR, Aldinucci D, Pinto A, Normanno N. The role of the EGFR signaling in tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol. 2008 Mar;214(3):559-67. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21260.
• Results Lv Y, Mu N, Ma C, Jiang R, Wu Q, Li J, Wang B, Sun L. Detection value of tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of meningeal metastasis from lung cancer by immuno-FISH technology. Oncol Lett. 2016 Dec;12(6):5080-5084. doi: 10.3892/ol.2016.5314. Epub 2016 Oct 25.
• Results Hochmair M. Medical Treatment Options for Patients with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Suffering from Brain Metastases and/or Leptomeningeal Disease. Target Oncol. 2018 Jun;13(3):269-285. doi: 10.1007/s11523-018-0566-1.
• Results Masuda C, Yanagisawa M, Yorozu K, Kurasawa M, Furugaki K, Ishikura N, Iwai T, Sugimoto M, Yamamoto K. Bevacizumab counteracts VEGF-dependent resistance to erlotinib in an EGFR-mutated NSCLC xenograft model. Int J Oncol. 2017 Aug;51(2):425-434. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4036. Epub 2017 Jun 8.

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