Reliability of Standardized IQ Testing Under Modafinil, Racetam-Class Compounds, Sleep Restriction and Daily Activity
Summary
This study examined whether standardized IQ test scores in healthy adults aged 18-35 are stable measures of cognitive ability and evaluated whether standardized cognitive-test performance and response-initiation measures vary across pharmacological and sleep conditions. Seventy healthy volunteers were assessed at seven in-person timepoints over six months, with 25 participants receiving an inert matched preparation and 45 receiving modafinil or one of four racetam-class compounds (oxiracetam, pramiracetam, phenylpiracetam, aniracetam) administered orally before testing. A different standardized instrument was administered at each timepoint to limit item-level recall and practice effects, and change in the placebo group was used as the reference for estimating practice effects. Participants were assessed under both rested and sleep-restricted conditions, two psychologists were present at every administration to code response initiation (hesitation), and physiological state was monitored using a consumer wearable. Psychometric changes were evaluated relative to the standard error of measurement of the instruments and the study's prespecified minimum detectable effect. Response-initiation measures were analysed separately from psychometric scores to evaluate potential effects on response initiation and execution time.
Timeline
- Start
- 2026-03-09
- Primary completion
- 2026-09-09
- Completion
- 2026-09-12
Publications
- Background Roberts CA, Jones A, Sumnall H, Gage SH, Montgomery C. How effective are pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults? A series of meta-analyses of cognitive performance during acute administration of modafinil, methylphenidate and D-amphetamine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020 Sep;38:40-62. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002. Epub 2020 Jul 21.
- Background Kredlow MA, Keshishian A, Oppenheimer S, Otto MW. The Efficacy of Modafinil as a Cognitive Enhancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Sep/Oct;39(5):455-461. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001085.
- Background Turner DC, Robbins TW, Clark L, Aron AR, Dowson J, Sahakian BJ. Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Jan;165(3):260-9. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1250-8. Epub 2002 Nov 1.
- Background Muller U, Steffenhagen N, Regenthal R, Bublak P. Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Dec;177(1-2):161-9. doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-1926-3. Epub 2004 Jun 24.
- Background Repantis D, Schlattmann P, Laisney O, Heuser I. Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review. Pharmacol Res. 2010 Sep;62(3):187-206. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002. Epub 2010 Apr 21.
- Background Randall DC, Shneerson JM, File SE. Cognitive effects of modafinil in student volunteers may depend on IQ. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Sep;82(1):133-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.07.019. Epub 2005 Sep 2.
- Background Gouhie FA, Barbosa KO, Cruz ABR, Wellichan MM, Zampolli TM. Cognitive effects of piracetam in adults with memory impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024 Aug;243:108358. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108358. Epub 2024 May 31.
- Background Zhang T, Tao Y, Pu J, Zhu M, Wan L, Tang C. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral (S)-oxiracetam in Chinese healthy volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, controlled phase I study. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2024 Jan 1;192:106621. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106621. Epub 2023 Oct 28.
- Background McLean A Jr, Cardenas DD, Burgess D, Gamzu E. Placebo-controlled study of pramiracetam in young males with memory and cognitive problems resulting from head injury and anoxia. Brain Inj. 1991 Oct-Dec;5(4):375-80. doi: 10.3109/02699059109008110.
- Background Garrett J, Chak C, Bullock T, Giesbrecht B. A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults. Commun Psychol. 2024 Aug 28;2(1):82. doi: 10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2.
- Background Estevis E, Basso MR, Combs D. Effects of practice on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV across 3- and 6-month intervals. Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;26(2):239-54. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2012.659219. Epub 2012 Feb 21.
- Background Basso MR, Carona FD, Lowery N, Axelrod BN. Practice effects on the WAIS-III across 3- and 6-month intervals. Clin Neuropsychol. 2002 Feb;16(1):57-63. doi: 10.1076/clin.16.1.57.8329.
Drugs
| Evaluation | Drug | Modality | Dose | Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Modafinil | Small molecule | — | Oral |
| Subject | Oxiracetam | Small molecule | 100 mg | Oral |
| Subject | Oxiracetam | Small molecule | 200 mg | Oral |
| Subject | Oxiracetam | Small molecule | 300 mg | Oral |
| Subject | aniracetam | Small molecule | 100 mg | Oral |
| Subject | aniracetam | Small molecule | 200 mg | Oral |
| Subject | aniracetam | Small molecule | 300 mg | Oral |
| Subject | phenylpiracetam | Unknown | 100 mg | Oral |
| Subject | phenylpiracetam | Unknown | 200 mg | Oral |
| Subject | phenylpiracetam | Unknown | 300 mg | Oral |
| Subject | pramiracetam | Small molecule | 100 mg | Oral |
| Subject | pramiracetam | Small molecule | 200 mg | Oral |
| Subject | pramiracetam | Small molecule | 300 mg | Oral |
Indications
No indication recorded.