human insulin

also known as Exubera · NOVOLINR · regular human insulin · Actrapid · AIR inhaled insulin · BHI 30 · biphasic human insulin 30 · HIIP · +9 more

Protein / enzyme biologic targets IGF1R

Developed for: type 1 diabetes mellitus · type 2 diabetes mellitus · diabetes mellitus · critical illness polyneuropathy · gestational diabetes · hyperglycemia · pemphigus vulgaris · mixed dermis disorder
Investigated by: Novo Nordisk A/S · Pfizer · Eli Lilly and Company · Alkermes, Inc. · Dance Biopharm Inc. · Helmholtz Zentrum München
+38 more
· Mannkind Corporation · Technical University of Munich · Langford Research Institute, Inc. · Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich · Sanofi · Technical University Dresden · Transdermal Delivery Solutions Corp · University of Missouri-Columbia · Adocia · Alexandria University · Diabetes Research Institute, Munich, Germany. · German Center for Diabetes Research · German Federal Ministry of Education and Research · Hospices Civils de Lyon · IKFE Institute for Clinical Research and Development · Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation · Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult · Mayo Clinic · Medical University of Warsaw · National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) · Nektar Therapeutics · Profil Institute for Metabolic Research GmbH · Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine · Skane University Hospital · State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center · Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven · University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus · University Hospital Dresden · University Hospital Hradec Kralove · University Hospital Tuebingen · University of Aarhus · University of Bristol · University of Colorado, Denver · University of Illinois at Chicago · University of Oxford, Clinical Vaccine Research and Immunisation Education · WCCT Global · Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd. · ikfe-CRO GmbH

Trials 61 · started per year

today

19951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720282029

Phase	Registry id	Dates	Indication	Sponsor	Status	Outcome
Phase 03 trials
Phase 0	NCT07653464	Aug 2026 → Jun 2031 expected	obesity disorder	University of Missouri-Columbia	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT05153395	Dec 2021 → Jun 2027	dysautonomia, isoproterenol-mediated vasodilatation, obesity disorder	University of Missouri-Columbia	Suspended	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT04857320	Mar → Nov 2021	acute insulin response	Transdermal Delivery Solutions Corp	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 19 trials
Phase 1	NCT07608692	Aug → Nov 2025	—	Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT06901726	Mar → Apr 2025 overdue	diabetes mellitus	Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01240252	Mar → Jul 2012	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Mayo Clinic	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01365117	Jan → Feb 2011	—	Mannkind Corporation	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT00674050	May → Sep 2008	diabetes mellitus	Mannkind Corporation	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT00673621	May → Nov 2008	asthma, diabetes mellitus	Mannkind Corporation	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT00419718	Oct → Nov 2005	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01448070	Oct → Dec 2002	diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01707160	Nov → Dec 1995	diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1/23 trials · 1 met primary
Phase 1/2	NCT02213146	Aug → Dec 2014	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Adocia	Completed	Met primary
Phase 1/2	NCT02713841	May → Jul 2013	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Dance Biopharm Inc.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2	NCT02620553	Sep 2007 → Jun 2013	type 1 diabetes mellitus	University of Colorado, Denver	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 28 trials · 2 missed
Phase 2	NCT07461103	Jun 2024 → Aug 2025	pemphigus vulgaris	Alexandria University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03811951	Sep 2018 → Sep 2019	—	University of Illinois at Chicago	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT04100473	Apr → Aug 2018	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Dance Biopharm Inc.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03364868	Feb 2018 → Jun 2024	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Technical University of Munich	Completed	Missed primary
Phase 2	NCT03307512	Feb 2018 → Jul 2019	—	Dance Biopharm Inc.	Terminated	No outcome recorded Stop: Enrollment
Phase 2	NCT02620072	Dec 2015 → Sep 2024	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Technical University of Munich	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02547519	Aug 2015 → Dec 2017	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Technical University of Munich	Completed	Missed primary
Phase 2	NCT00567775	Oct → Nov 2002	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/33 trials
Phase 2/3	NCT05159453	Sep → Oct 2027 expected	hyperglycemia	Transdermal Delivery Solutions Corp	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT00490854	Jul 2007 → May 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT00447213	Apr 2007 → May 2008	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 322 trials · 3 met primary · 1 missed
Phase 3	NCT00888732	Jun 2009 → Jun 2010	type 1 diabetes mellitus	University of Aarhus	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00523042	Aug 2007 → Feb 2008	asthma, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00472953	May 2007 → Mar 2008	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00469586	Apr 2007 → Apr 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00411892	Nov 2006 → Mar 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00331604	Aug 2006 → May 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00355849	Aug 2006 → Jun 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	Met primary
Phase 3	NCT00356109	Aug 2006 → May 2008	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	Missed primary
Phase 3	NCT00322257	May 2006 → Apr 2008	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00325364	Apr 2006 → May 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	Met primary
Phase 3	NCT00287066	Feb 2006 → Mar 2007	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00157339	Aug 2005 → May 2008	asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00134147	Apr 2005 → May 2007	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00191581	Mar 2005 → Apr 2006	type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00569400	May 2003 → Jan 2004	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00725036	Sep 2002 → Dec 2004	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	Met primary
Phase 3	NCT01650129	Dec 2000 → Oct 2001	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00065130	Apr 2000 → Dec 2003	gestational diabetes	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00424437	Sep 1999 → Sep 2000	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00424411	Sep 1999 → Dec 2000	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00370565	Jun 1999 → Sep 2000	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00424333	May 1999 → Oct 2000	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 410 trials
Phase 4	NCT03526536	May 2018 → Sep 2020	diabetes mellitus, end stage renal failure	State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01500850	Oct 2011 → Oct 2012	type 2 diabetes mellitus	ikfe-CRO GmbH	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00807092	Dec 2008 → Oct 2009	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00437489	Jun → Dec 2007	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00356421	Nov 2006 → Jun 2008	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00367445	Sep 2006 → Feb 2007	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00365170	Sep 2002 → Apr 2005	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01467141	Jun 2002 → Oct 2003	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01487798	Jun 2002 → Nov 2003	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00676819	Jan → Jul 2002	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase not applicable3 trials · 1 missed
—	NCT02244073	May 2015 → Jan 2017	critical illness polyneuropathy	Hospices Civils de Lyon	Terminated	Missed primary
—	NCT01847456	Apr → Nov 2013	—	University Hospital Tuebingen	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01088451	Dec 2009 → Mar 2010	type 1 diabetes mellitus	University Hospital Hradec Kralove	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Comparator or background therapy26 trials
Phase 1	NCT06519604 Comparator	Jul → Sep 2024 overdue	diabetes mellitus	Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine	Active not recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT03512236 Comparator	Apr 2018 → Feb 2019	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Adocia	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT02109029 Comparator	Apr 2014 → Mar 2015	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00063128 Comparator	Apr 2003 → Apr 2004	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Eli Lilly and Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00427154 Comparator	Jan 2007 → Mar 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00348712 Comparator	Oct 2006 → Mar 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00139659 Comparator	Jan 2003 → Oct 2008	asthma, diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00138671 Comparator	Jan 2003 → Sep 2008	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00136916 Comparator	Jun 2002 → Dec 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00137046 Comparator	May 2002 → Dec 2008	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Terminated	Missed primary
Phase 3	NCT01520818 Comparator	Mar 2000 → Apr 2001	type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	Met primary
Phase 3	NCT01467323 Comparator	Apr → Sep 1998	type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus	Novo Nordisk A/S	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00949442 Comparator	Jul 2009 → Jul 2012	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Sanofi	Completed	Missed primary
Phase 4	NCT01013402 Background	Dec 2008 → Apr 2009	hypoglycemia	Gulhane School of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00523393 Comparator	Aug 2007 → Dec 2009	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Heidelberg University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00346996 Comparator	May 2007 → Nov 2011	type 1 diabetes mellitus	Lise Tarnow	Completed	Met primary
Phase 4	NCT00391027 Comparator	Dec 2006 → Aug 2008	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Pfizer	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05600075 Comparator	Feb → Sep 2023	mixed dermis disorder	Zagazig University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03651661 Comparator	Jul → Nov 2018	obesity disorder	University Hospital Tuebingen	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02879409 Background	Nov 2016 → Oct 2023 overdue	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar	Active not recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02956655 Comparator	Jul 2016 → Jul 2017	type 2 diabetes mellitus	First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02468999 Comparator	Jan → Dec 2015	—	University Hospital Tuebingen	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01797601 Comparator	Feb 2013 → Apr 2014	diabetes mellitus, obesity disorder	University Hospital Tuebingen	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00638209 Comparator	Feb 2008 → May 2010	—	University Hospital Tuebingen	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00264641 Background	Jan 2006 → Feb 2008	cognitive disorder, hypoglycemia	Hypoglycaemia Research Group	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00147836 Comparator	Sep 2004 → Oct 2007	type 2 diabetes mellitus	Sun Yat-sen University	Completed	No outcome recorded

Press releases naming this drug 21 releases

Date	Issuer	Release
2018-06-25	Eli Lilly and Company	First-ever Study of Lilly's Humulin® R U-500 Administered in an Insulin Pump Shows Improved A1C in People with Type 2 Diabetes lilly.com ↗
2017-10-30	Mannkind Corporation	MannKind Reports Positive Data from a Phase 3 Clinical Study of Technosphere Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes mannkindcorp.com ↗
2017-10-30	Mannkind Corporation	MannKind and Pfizer Announce Collaboration for Certain Exubera Patients to Transition to MannKind's Inhaled Insulin Therapy mannkindcorp.com ↗
2017-10-30	Mannkind Corporation	MannKind Addresses Pfizer's Announcement Regarding Exubera mannkindcorp.com ↗
2016-10-27	Adocia	Adocia Announces Positive Topline Results from a Phase 1b Clinical Trial Measuring the Post-Meal Effect of Rapid-Acting Human Insulin, HinsBet® U100 adocia.com ↗
2016-04-11	Adocia	Adocia Initiates a Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial on the Post-Meal Effect of Rapid-Acting Human Insulin, HinsBet® U100 adocia.com ↗
2016-01-21	Eli Lilly and Company	U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approves Humulin® R U-500 KwikPen® lilly.com ↗
2015-02-05	Adocia	Adocia reports positive results from phase IIa clinical study of fast-acting human insulin, HinsBet adocia.com ↗
2014-07-09	Adocia	Adocia Announces Approval to Start a Phase IIa Clinical Study of HinsBet®, its Fast-acting Human Insulin, in Type 1 Diabetes adocia.com ↗
2010-06-22	Eli Lilly and Company	Walmart, Lilly Team Up to Provide Human Insulin to People With Diabetes lilly.com ↗
2008-10-27	Eli Lilly and Company	Lilly Announces Launch of Color Differentiation System for Humalog(R) and Humulin(R) U-100 Insulin Products in the United States lilly.com ↗
2007-11-13	Nektar Therapeutics	Pfizer and Nektar Reach Agreement on Exubera(R) nektar.com ↗
2007-10-18	Nektar Therapeutics	Nektar Therapeutics Issues Statement on Exubera nektar.com ↗
2006-12-14	Nektar Therapeutics	Nektar Reports That Court Denies Novo Nordisk's Motion for Preliminary Injunction Against Exubera nektar.com ↗
2006-09-14	Nektar Therapeutics	Nektar Reports that Pfizer Announced New Analyses Showing that Exubera Is Effective in Diabetes Patients Who Have Respiratory Infections or Who are Exposed to Passive Cigarette Smoke nektar.com ↗
2006-09-12	Nektar Therapeutics	Exubera Hailed as Innovation in Prestigious European and American Awards nektar.com ↗
2006-07-20	Nektar Therapeutics	Nektar Reports That Pfizer to Introduce Exubera in U.S. With a Comprehensive Education Program nektar.com ↗
2006-06-10	Nektar Therapeutics	Nektar Reports Pfizer Announcement of New Exubera Data; New Data from Two Large Phase III Trials Reinforce Exubera's Long-Term Efficacy and Safety in Adults with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes nektar.com ↗
2006-01-27	Nektar Therapeutics	Pfizer Receives FDA Approval for Exubera, the First Inhaleable Form of Insulin for Controlling Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults nektar.com ↗
2006-01-26	Nektar Therapeutics	European Commission Approves Exubera(R) (Inhaled Human Insulin) for Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes nektar.com ↗
2006-01-13	Nektar Therapeutics	Nektar Reports Pfizer to Acquire the Sanofi-Aventis Worldwide Rights to Exubera® (Inhaled Human Insulin) nektar.com ↗

Evidence & citations 21 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 94 sources stand behind the page.

Field	Value	Cited text
Known as	Human Insulin	“Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera) Compared With Subcutaneous Human Insulin in the Therapy of Adult Subjects With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and...” NCT00138671 ↗ 87 “The active substance for oral application is human insulin, synthesized in a special non-disease-producing laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been...” NCT02620072 ↗ “The active substance for oral application is human insulin, synthesized in a special non-disease-producing laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been...” NCT02547519 ↗ “first inhaled human insulin (INH, Exubera (insulinhuman [rDNA origin])InhalationPowder) was approved for use in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2...” PMID 16901335 ↗ Aug 2006 “Novolin R is a sterile, clear, aqueous, and colorless solution that contains human insulin (rDNA origin) 100 units/mL, glycerol 16 mg/mL, metacresol 3 mg/mL, zinc chloride...” NCT03811951 ↗ “Efficacy and Safety of Exubera (Inhaled Insulin) Compared With Subcutaneous Human Insulin Therapy in Adult Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Long-Term, Outpatient,...” NCT00137046 ↗ “3.0 of human insulin. single dose cartridges filled with 5 or 10 mg of Technosphere Inhalation Powder, containing 15 or 30 u of insulin” NCT00673621 ↗ “inhaled human insulin (Exubera [EXU] [Pfizer Inc., New York, NY] (insulin human [recombinant DNA origin]) inhalation powder)” PMID 19905885 ↗ Nov 2009 “Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera) Compared With Subcutaneous Human Insulin” NCT00139659 ↗ “Insulin aspart (Novorapid, Novo Nordisk) and human insulin (Actrapid, Novo Nordisk) are used.” NCT01088451 ↗ “simultaneous injections of pramlintide (Symlin®) and human insulin (Humulin®)” NCT03512236 ↗ Show 77 more sources
Known as	Actrapid	“Insulin Aspart (NovoRapid®) Versus Human Insulin (Actrapid®), Used in a Multiple Injection Regimen” NCT00365170 ↗ 1 “Insulin aspart (Novorapid, Novo Nordisk) and human insulin (Actrapid, Novo Nordisk) are used.” NCT01088451 ↗
Known as	AIR inhaled insulin	“preprandial human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP; AIR inhaled insulin)” PMID 17288697 ↗ Feb 2007 1 “Human Insulin Inhalation Powder [also known as AIR® Inhaled Insulin]” NCT00355849 ↗
Known as	BHI 30	“a 30/70 (rapid/intermediate-acting) premixed suspension of the rapid-acting insulin analogue insulin aspart (BIAsp30) was compared with a similar premixed suspension of...” PMID 11009049 ↗ Aug 2000 1 “BHI 30 (biphasic human insulin 30) administered subcutaneously (under the skin) twice daily (30 minutes before breakfast and dinner) + metformin.” NCT00807092 ↗
Known as	biphasic human insulin 30	“BHI 30 (biphasic human insulin 30) administered subcutaneously (under the skin) twice daily (30 minutes before breakfast and dinner) + metformin.” NCT00807092 ↗
Known as	Exubera	“Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera) Compared With Subcutaneous Human Insulin in the Therapy of Adult Subjects With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and...” NCT00138671 ↗ 6 “first inhaled human insulin (INH, Exubera (insulinhuman [rDNA origin])InhalationPowder) was approved for use in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2...” PMID 16901335 ↗ Aug 2006 “Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera®)” NCT00391027 ↗ “Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera®)” NCT00356421 ↗ “Inhaled human insulin (EXUBERA™)” NCT00424411 ↗ “Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera)” NCT00437489 ↗ “Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera)” NCT00367445 ↗
Known as	HIIP	“preprandial human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP; AIR inhaled insulin)” PMID 17288697 ↗ Feb 2007
Known as	human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP)	“preprandial human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP; AIR inhaled insulin)” PMID 17288697 ↗ Feb 2007
Known as	Huminsulin Normal	“Human Insulin (Huminsulin® Normal)” NCT02213146 ↗
Known as	Humulin	“simultaneous injections of pramlintide (Symlin®) and human insulin (Humulin®)” NCT03512236 ↗
Known as	INH	“first inhaled human insulin (INH, Exubera (insulinhuman [rDNA origin])InhalationPowder) was approved for use in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2...” PMID 16901335 ↗ Aug 2006
Known as	insulinhuman [rDNA origin]	“first inhaled human insulin (INH, Exubera (insulinhuman [rDNA origin])InhalationPowder) was approved for use in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2...” PMID 16901335 ↗ Aug 2006
Known as	NOVOLINR	“Patients in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion group received Human Insulin (Novolin-R, Novo Nordisk) with an insulin pump” NCT00147836 ↗ 4 “It involves administration of intranasal insulin (Novolin R), an investigational medication” NCT03811951 ↗ “Novolin R human insulin, Novo Nordisk Inc. Plainsboro, NJ” NCT03526536 ↗ “Human Insulin (Novolin-R, Novo Nordisk)” NCT02956655 ↗ “Human Insulin Injection（NOVOLIN®R）” NCT07608692 ↗
Known as	NPH	“human insulin [NPH]” NCT00949442 ↗
Known as	regular human insulin	“This trial compared safety and efficacy - including parental treatment satisfaction - of two basal-bolus regimens [IAsp plus Neutral Protein Hagedorn (NPH) insulin vs. regular...” PMID 17850471 ↗ Oct 2007 2 “OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of insulin aspart (IAsp) versus regular human insulin (HI) in basal-bolus therapy with NPH insulin in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.” PMID 17392539 ↗ Apr 2007 “Administer subcutaneous regular human insulin 30 to 60 minutes before meals, or administer insulin lispro within 15 minutes before meals.” NCT00063128 ↗
Known as	Technosphere Insulin	“Technosphere Insulin (TI) Inhalation Powder” NCT00674050 ↗
Known as	Technosphere Insulin Inhalation Powder	“A Phase 1, Open-Label Study to Investigate the Effect of Albuterol (Salbutamol) and Fluticasone on the Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in...” NCT00674050 ↗
Known as	USLINR	“Human Insulin Injection（USLIN®R）” NCT07608692 ↗
Modality	Protein / enzyme biologic	“The efficacy and safety of insulin aspart (IAsp), a rapid-acting human insulin analogue, were compared with regular human insulin (HI) as the bolus component of basal-bolus...” PMID 17888133 ↗ Oct 2007
Route	Subcutaneous	“Administer subcutaneous regular human insulin 30 to 60 minutes before meals” NCT00063128 ↗
Target	IGF1R	“Insulin facilitates this in vitro mediated by the IGF-1 receptor.” PMID 25300286 ↗ Oct 2014