drugset / Trial / NCT00012558
Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)
RandomizedDouble-blindTreatment
Summary
A long-term study of current treatments for bipolar disorder, including medications and psychosocial therapies.
Timeline
- Start
- 1998-09
- Primary completion
- —
- Completion
- 2005-09
Outcome
Mixed primary results
paper The primary outcome was the percentage of subjects in each treatment group meeting the criterion for a durable recovery (8 consecutive weeks of euthymia). PMID 17392295 ↗
paper as did 51 of the 187 subjects (27.3%) receiving a mood stabilizer plus a matching placebo (P=0.40). PMID 17392295 ↗
paper The use of adjunctive, standard antidepressant medication, as compared with the use of mood stabilizers, was not associated with increased efficacy PMID 17392295 ↗
paper Primary outcomes included time to recovery and the proportion of patients classified as well during each of 12 study months. PMID 17404119 ↗
paper Patients receiving intensive psychotherapy had significantly higher year-end recovery rates (64.4% vs 51.5%) PMID 17404119 ↗
paper shorter times to recovery than patients in collaborative care (hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.00; P = .01). PMID 17404119 ↗
Publications
- Background Sachs GS, Thase ME, Otto MW, Bauer M, Miklowitz D, Wisniewski SR, Lavori P, Lebowitz B, Rudorfer M, Frank E, Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Bowden C, Ketter T, Marangell L, Calabrese J, Kupfer D, Rosenbaum JF. Rationale, design, and methods of the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Jun 1;53(11):1028-42. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00165-3.
- Background Sachs GS, Guille C, McMurrich SL. A clinical monitoring form for mood disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2002 Oct;4(5):323-7. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01195.x.
- Background Sachs GS. Strategies for improving treatment of bipolar disorder: integration of measurement and management. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2004;(422):7-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00409.x.
- Background Thase ME, Bhargava M, Sachs GS. Treatment of bipolar depression: current status, continued challenges, and the STEP-BD approach. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003 Jun;26(2):495-518. doi: 10.1016/s0193-953x(03)00029-7.
- Background Perlick DA, Wolff N, Miklowitz DJ, Menard K, Rosenheck RR, & STEP-BD Family Experience Collaborative Study Group [abstract]. Development of an Integrated Model of Family Burden in Bipolar Illness. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 6(Supplemental): 37, 2003.
- Background Gray SM, Frankle WG, Sachs GS. STEP BD: A design for evaluating effectiveness of treatment for bipolar disorder. The Economics of Neuroscience 3(1): 65-68, 2001.
- Results Lembke A, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR, Sachs GS, Thase ME, Ketter TA; STEP-BD Investigators. Psychosocial service utilization by patients with bipolar disorders: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004 Mar;10(2):81-7. doi: 10.1097/00131746-200403000-00002.
- Results Perlis RH, Miyahara S, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Ostacher M, DelBello MP, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA; STEP-BD Investigators. Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Biol Psychiatry. 2004 May 1;55(9):875-81. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.022.
- Results Simon NM, Otto MW, Weiss RD, Bauer MS, Miyahara S, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Kogan J, Frank E, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Pollack MH; STEP-BD Investigators. Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions: baseline data from STEP-BD. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;24(5):512-20. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000138772.40515.70.
- Results Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Ketter TA, Bowden CL, Goldberg JF, Calabrese JR, Miyahara S, Miklowitz DJ, Sachs GS, Thase ME; STEP-BD Investigators. Lamotrigine treatment of bipolar disorder: data from the first 500 patients in STEP-BD. Bipolar Disord. 2004 Apr;6(2):139-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00098.x.
- Results Schneck CD, Miklowitz DJ, Calabrese JR, Allen MH, Thomas MR, Wisniewski SR, Miyahara S, Shelton MD, Ketter TA, Goldberg JF, Bowden CL, Sachs GS. Phenomenology of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;161(10):1902-8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.161.10.1902.
- Results Kogan JN, Otto MW, Bauer MS, Dennehy EB, Miklowitz DJ, Zhang HW, Ketter T, Rudorfer MV, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Calabrese J, Sachs GS; STEP-BD Investigators. Demographic and diagnostic characteristics of the first 1000 patients enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Bipolar Disord. 2004 Dec;6(6):460-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00158.x.
- Results Simon NM, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR, Fossey M, Sagduyu K, Frank E, Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Pollack MH. Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder patients: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;161(12):2222-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2222.
- Results Morris CD, Miklowitz DJ, Wisniewski SR, Giese AA, Thomas MR, Allen MH. Care satisfaction, hope, and life functioning among adults with bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. Compr Psychiatry. 2005 Mar-Apr;46(2):98-104. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.026.
- Results Allen MH, Chessick CA. Instability of symptoms in recurrent major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):403; author reply 403-4. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.403. No abstract available.
- Results Nierenberg AA, Miyahara S, Spencer T, Wisniewski SR, Otto MW, Simon N, Pollack MH, Ostacher MJ, Yan L, Siegel R, Sachs GS; STEP-BD Investigators. Clinical and diagnostic implications of lifetime attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in adults with bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 STEP-BD participants. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1467-73. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.036.
- Results Weiss RD, Ostacher MJ, Otto MW, Calabrese JR, Fossey M, Wisniewski SR, Bowden CL, Nierenberg AA, Pollack MH, Salloum IM, Simon NM, Thase ME, Sachs GS; for STEP-BD Investigators. Does recovery from substance use disorder matter in patients with bipolar disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;66(6):730-5; quiz 808-9. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v66n0609.
- Results Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Masalehdan A, Scott JA, Houck PR, Frank E. Functional impairment in the remission phase of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005 Jun;7(3):281-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00207.x.
- Results Nierenberg AA, Ostacher MJ, Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Miyahara S, Bauer MS, Thase ME, Wisniewski SR, Sachs GS. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):210-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.210.
- Results Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR, Ketter TA, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Gyulai L, Reilly-Harrington NA, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS, Thase ME. Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):217-24. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.217.
- Results Fossey MD, Otto MW, Yates WR, Wisniewski SR, Gyulai L, Allen MH, Miklowitz DJ, Coon KA, Ostacher MJ, Neel JL, Thase ME, Sachs GS, Weiss RD; Step-BD Investigators. Validity of the distinction between primary and secondary substance use disorder in patients with bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 STEP-BD participants. Am J Addict. 2006 Mar-Apr;15(2):138-43. doi: 10.1080/10550490500528423.
- Results Zhang H, Wisniewski SR, Bauer MS, Sachs GS, Thase ME; Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) Investigators. Comparisons of perceived quality of life across clinical states in bipolar disorder: data from the first 2000 Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) participants. Compr Psychiatry. 2006 May-Jun;47(3):161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.08.001.
- Results Joffe H, Kim DR, Foris JM, Baldassano CF, Gyulai L, Hwang CH, McLaughlin WL, Sachs GS, Thase ME, Harlow BL, Cohen LS. Menstrual dysfunction prior to onset of psychiatric illness is reported more commonly by women with bipolar disorder than by women with unipolar depression and healthy controls. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;67(2):297-304. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0218.
- Results Joffe H, Cohen LS, Suppes T, McLaughlin WL, Lavori P, Adams JM, Hwang CH, Hall JE, Sachs GS. Valproate is associated with new-onset oligoamenorrhea with hyperandrogenism in women with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jun 1;59(11):1078-86. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.017. Epub 2006 Jan 31.
- Results Sachs GS, Yan LJ, Swann AC, Allen MH. Integration of suicide prevention into outpatient management of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 25:3-11.
- Results Waxmonsky JA, Thomas MR, Miklowitz DJ, Allen MH, Wisniewski SR, Zhang H, Ostacher MJ, Fossey MD. Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use in bipolar disorder: data from the first 2000 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005 Sep-Oct;27(5):321-8. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.05.003.
- Results Martinez JM, Marangell LB, Simon NM, Miyahara S, Wisniewski SR, Harrington J, Pollack MH, Sachs GS, Thase ME. Baseline predictors of serious adverse events at one year among patients with bipolar disorder in STEP-BD. Psychiatr Serv. 2005 Dec;56(12):1541-8. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1541.
- Results Goldberg JF, Allen MH, Miklowitz DA, Bowden CL, Endick CJ, Chessick CA, Wisniewski SR, Miyahara S, Sagduyu K, Thase ME, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS. Suicidal ideation and pharmacotherapy among STEP-BD patients. Psychiatr Serv. 2005 Dec;56(12):1534-40. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1534.
- Results Allen MH, Chessick CA, Miklowitz DJ, Goldberg JF, Wisniewski SR, Miyahara S, Calabrese JR, Marangell L, Bauer MS, Thomas MR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS. Contributors to suicidal ideation among bipolar patients with and without a history of suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2005 Dec;35(6):671-80. doi: 10.1521/suli.2005.35.6.671.
- Results Bauer MS, Wisniewski SR, Marangell LB, Chessick CA, Allen MH, Dennehy EB, Miklowitz DJ, Thase ME, Sachs GS. Are antidepressants associated with new-onset suicidality in bipolar disorder? A prospective study of participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;67(1):48-55. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0108.
- Results Miklowitz DJ, Wisniewski SR, Miyahara S, Otto MW, Sachs GS. Perceived criticism from family members as a predictor of the one-year course of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2005 Sep 15;136(2-3):101-11. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.04.005.
- Results Perlis RH, Delbello MP, Miyahara S, Wisniewski SR, Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA; STEP-BD investigators. Revisiting depressive-prone bipolar disorder: polarity of initial mood episode and disease course among bipolar I systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder participants. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 1;58(7):549-53. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.029. Epub 2005 Sep 28.
- Results Baldassano CF, Marangell LB, Gyulai L, Ghaemi SN, Joffe H, Kim DR, Sagduyu K, Truman CJ, Wisniewski SR, Sachs GS, Cohen LS. Gender differences in bipolar disorder: retrospective data from the first 500 STEP-BD participants. Bipolar Disord. 2005 Oct;7(5):465-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00237.x.
- Results Mansour HA, Talkowski ME, Wood J, Pless L, Bamne M, Chowdari KV, Allen M, Bowden CL, Calabrese J, El-Mallakh RS, Fagiolini A, Faraone SV, Fossey MD, Friedman ES, Gyulai L, Hauser P, Ketter TA, Loftis JM, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Nierenberg AA, Patel J, Sachs GS, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Thase ME, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Nimgaonkar VL. Serotonin gene polymorphisms and bipolar I disorder: focus on the serotonin transporter. Ann Med. 2005;37(8):590-602. doi: 10.1080/07853890500357428.
- Results Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Thase ME, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Miyahara S, Sachs G. Pharmacological Treatment Patterns at Study Entry for the First 500 STEP-BD Participants. Psychiatr Serv. 2006 May;57(5):660-5. doi: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.5.660.
- Results Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR, Araga M, Frank E, Reilly-Harrington NA, Lembke A, Sachs GS. Psychotherapy, symptom outcomes, and role functioning over one year among patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2006 Jul;57(7):959-65. doi: 10.1176/ps.2006.57.7.959.
- Results Otto MW, Simon NM, Wisniewski SR, Miklowitz DJ, Kogan JN, Reilly-Harrington NA, Frank E, Nierenberg AA, Marangell LB, Sagduyu K, Weiss RD, Miyahara S, Thas ME, Sachs GS, Pollack MH; STEP-BD Investigators. Prospective 12-month course of bipolar disorder in out-patients with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;189:20-5. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007773.
- Results Friedman E, Gyulai L, Bhargava M, Landen M, Wisniewski S, Foris J, Ostacher M, Medina R, Thase M. Seasonal changes in clinical status in bipolar disorder: a prospective study in 1000 STEP-BD patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Jun;113(6):510-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00701.x.
- Results Wolff N, Perlick DA, Kaczynski R, Calabrese J, Nierenberg A, Miklowitz DJ. Modeling costs and burden of informal caregiving for persons with bipolar disorder. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2006 Jun;9(2):99-110.
- Results Marangell LB, Suppes T, Ketter TA, Dennehy EB, Zboyan H, Kertz B, Nierenberg A, Calabrese J, Wisniewski SR, Sachs G. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: clinical and research considerations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006 Oct-Nov;75(4-5):315-21. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.008. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
- Results Marangell LB, Bauer MS, Dennehy EB, Wisniewski SR, Allen MH, Miklowitz DJ, Oquendo MA, Frank E, Perlis RH, Martinez JM, Fagiolini A, Otto MW, Chessick CA, Zboyan HA, Miyahara S, Sachs G, Thase ME. Prospective predictors of suicide and suicide attempts in 1,556 patients with bipolar disorders followed for up to 2 years. Bipolar Disord. 2006 Oct;8(5 Pt 2):566-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00369.x.
- Results Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW. Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder: a review of literature and introduction of the systematic treatment enhancement program. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40(4):116-31.
- Results Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Gyulai L, Friedman ES, Bowden CL, Fossey MD, Ostacher MJ, Ketter TA, Patel J, Hauser P, Rapport D, Martinez JM, Allen MH, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Dennehy EB, Thase ME. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 26;356(17):1711-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa064135. Epub 2007 Mar 28.
- Results Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, Reilly-Harrington NA, Wisniewski SR, Kogan JN, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Gyulai L, Araga M, Gonzalez JM, Shirley ER, Thase ME, Sachs GS. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar depression: a 1-year randomized trial from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;64(4):419-26. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.419.
- Kadriu B, Deng ZD, Kraus C, Johnston JN, Fijtman A, Henter ID, Kasper S, Zarate CA Jr. The impact of body mass index on the clinical features of bipolar disorder: A STEP-BD study. Bipolar Disord. 2024 Mar;26(2):160-175. doi: 10.1111/bdi.13370. Epub 2023 Aug 3.
- Prisciandaro JJ, Tolliver BK, DeSantis SM. Identification and initial validation of empirically derived bipolar symptom states from a large longitudinal dataset: an application of hidden Markov modeling to the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) study. Psychol Med. 2019 May;49(7):1102-1108. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718002143. Epub 2018 Aug 29.
- Bareis N, Lu J, Kirkwood CK, Kornstein SG, Wu E, Mezuk B. Identifying clinical net benefit of psychotropic medication use with latent variable techniques: Evidence from Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). J Affect Disord. 2018 Oct 1;238:147-155. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.063. Epub 2018 May 29.
- Slyepchenko A, Frey BN, Lafer B, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS, Dias RS. Increased illness burden in women with comorbid bipolar and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: data from 1 099 women from STEP-BD study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 Nov;136(5):473-482. doi: 10.1111/acps.12797. Epub 2017 Aug 28.
- Mizushima J, Uchida H, Tada M, Suzuki T, Mimura M, Nio S. Early Improvement of Specific Symptoms Predicts Subsequent Recovery in Bipolar Depression: Reanalysis of the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) Data. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Feb;78(2):e146-e151. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10573.
- Prisciandaro JJ, Tolliver BK. An item response theory evaluation of the young mania rating scale and the montgomery-asberg depression rating scale in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). J Affect Disord. 2016 Nov 15;205:73-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.062. Epub 2016 Jul 13.
- Ballard ED, Vande Voort JL, Luckenbaugh DA, Machado-Vieira R, Tohen M, Zarate CA. Acute risk factors for suicide attempts and death: prospective findings from the STEP-BD study. Bipolar Disord. 2016 Jun;18(4):363-72. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12397. Epub 2016 May 27.
- Tada M, Uchida H, Mizushima J, Suzuki T, Mimura M, Nio S. Antidepressant dose and treatment response in bipolar depression: Reanalysis of the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) data. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Sep;68:151-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.015. Epub 2015 Jun 23.
- Prisciandaro JJ, Tolliver BK. Evidence for the continuous latent structure of mania and depression in out-patients with bipolar disorder: results from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Psychol Med. 2015;45(12):2595-603. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715000513. Epub 2015 Apr 17.
- Stange JP, Sylvia LG, da Silva Magalhaes PV, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, Berk M, Nierenberg AA, Deckersbach T. Extreme attributions predict the course of bipolar depression: results from the STEP-BD randomized controlled trial of psychosocial treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;74(3):249-55. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m08019.
- Magalhaes PV, Kapczinski F, Nierenberg AA, Deckersbach T, Weisinger D, Dodd S, Berk M. Illness burden and medical comorbidity in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Apr;125(4):303-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01794.x. Epub 2011 Nov 19.
- Ghaemi SN, Ostacher MM, El-Mallakh RS, Borrelli D, Baldassano CF, Kelley ME, Filkowski MM, Hennen J, Sachs GS, Goodwin FK, Baldessarini RJ. Antidepressant discontinuation in bipolar depression: a Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) randomized clinical trial of long-term effectiveness and safety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;71(4):372-80. doi: 10.4088/JCP.08m04909gre.
- Goldberg JF, Brooks JO 3rd, Kurita K, Hoblyn JC, Ghaemi SN, Perlis RH, Miklowitz DJ, Ketter TA, Sachs GS, Thase ME. Depressive illness burden associated with complex polypharmacy in patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;70(2):155-62. doi: 10.4088/jcp.08m04301. Epub 2009 Feb 10.
- Nowakowska C, Sachs GS, Zarate CA Jr, Marangell LB, Calabrese JR, Goldberg JF, Ketter TA. Increased rate of non-right-handedness in patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 May;69(5):866-7. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n0522g. No abstract available.
- Marangell LB, Dennehy EB, Wisniewski SR, Bauer MS, Miyahara S, Allen MH, Martinez M, Al Jurdi RK, Thase ME. Case-control analyses of the impact of pharmacotherapy on prospectively observed suicide attempts and completed suicides in bipolar disorder: findings from STEP-BD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;69(6):916-22. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n0605.
- Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, Reilly-Harrington NA, Kogan JN, Sachs GS, Thase ME, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Ostacher MJ, Patel J, Thomas MR, Araga M, Gonzalez JM, Wisniewski SR. Intensive psychosocial intervention enhances functioning in patients with bipolar depression: results from a 9-month randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1340-7. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020311.
Drugs
| Evaluation | Drug | Modality | Dose | Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Bupropion | Small molecule | — | — |
| Subject | Inositol | Other / unclassified | — | — |
| Subject | Lamotrigine | Small molecule | — | — |
| Subject | Lithium | Unknown | — | — |
| Subject | Paroxetine | Small molecule | — | — |
| Subject | Risperidone | Other / unclassified | — | — |
| Subject | Tranylcypromine | Small molecule | — | — |
| Subject | Valproate | Small molecule | — | — |