Beneficial Effects of Oral Premarin Estrogen Replacement Therapy Assessed by Human Genome Array

Summary

The purpose of this study is to assess the immunological status of patients using Premarin. Premarin use is associated with an enhanced immune status, and possibly even some anti-cancer effect. The researchers will compare the use of Premarin with those not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to track the effects of Premarin in reducing the risk of infection and swelling.

Timeline

Start

2006-03

Primary completion

2006-12

Completion

2007-02

Publications

• Background McGregor JA, French JI, Seo K. Premature rupture of membranes and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Aug;169(2 Pt 2):463-6. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90342-g.
• Background Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Morgan DJ, Ison C, Pearson J. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ. 1994 Jan 29;308(6924):295-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6924.295.
• Background Chaim W, Mazor M, Leiberman JR. The relationship between bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth. A review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1997;259(2):51-8. doi: 10.1007/BF02505309.
• Background Sewankambo N, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Paxton L, McNaim D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Li C, Kiwanuka N, Hillier SL, Rabe L, Gaydos CA, Quinn TC, Konde-Lule J. HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis. Lancet. 1997 Aug 23;350(9077):546-50. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)01063-5.
• Background Taha TE, Gray RH, Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mtimavalye LA, Liomba GN, Chiphangwi JD, Dallabetta GA, Miotti PG. HIV infection and disturbances of vaginal flora during pregnancy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999 Jan 1;20(1):52-9. doi: 10.1097/00042560-199901010-00008.
• Background Kalman S, Mitchell W, Marathe R, Lammel C, Fan J, Hyman RW, Olinger L, Grimwood J, Davis RW, Stephens RS. Comparative genomes of Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. Nat Genet. 1999 Apr;21(4):385-9. doi: 10.1038/7716.
• Background Patrick DM, Dawar M, Cook DA, Krajden M, Ng HC, Rekart ML. Antenatal seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in Canadian women: HSV-2 prevalence increases throughout the reproductive years. Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Jul;28(7):424-8. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200107000-00011.
• Background Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Mar 1;36(5):663-8. doi: 10.1086/367658. Epub 2003 Feb 7.
• Background Cherpes TL, Meyn LA, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Risk factors for infection with herpes simplex virus type 2: role of smoking, douching, uncircumcised males, and vaginal flora. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 May;30(5):405-10. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200305000-00006.
• Background Devillard E, Burton JP, Hammond JA, Lam D, Reid G. Novel insight into the vaginal microflora in postmenopausal women under hormone replacement therapy as analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004 Nov 10;117(1):76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.02.001.
• Background Burton JP, Reid G. Evaluation of the bacterial vaginal flora of 20 postmenopausal women by direct (Nugent score) and molecular (polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) techniques. J Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 15;186(12):1770-80. doi: 10.1086/345761. Epub 2002 Nov 22.
• Background Heinemann C, Reid G. Vaginal microbial diversity among postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Can J Microbiol. 2005 Sep;51(9):777-81. doi: 10.1139/w05-070.
• Background Notterman DA, Alon U, Sierk AJ, Levine AJ. Transcriptional gene expression profiles of colorectal adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and normal tissue examined by oligonucleotide arrays. Cancer Res. 2001 Apr 1;61(7):3124-30.
• Background Habis AH, Vernon SD, Lee DR, Verma M, Unger ER. Molecular quality of exfoliated cervical cells: implications for molecular epidemiology and biomarker discovery. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Mar;13(3):492-6.
• Background Chen B, Wen Y, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Warrington JA, Polan ML. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in vaginal tissues from women with stress urinary incontinence compared with asymptomatic women. Hum Reprod. 2006 Jan;21(1):22-9. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei276. Epub 2005 Aug 26.
• Dahn A, Saunders S, Hammond JA, Carter D, Kirjavainen P, Anukam K, Reid G. Effect of bacterial vaginosis, Lactobacillus and Premarin estrogen replacement therapy on vaginal gene expression changes. Microbes Infect. 2008 May;10(6):620-7. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.02.007. Epub 2008 Feb 21.

Drugs

Indications

No indication recorded.