Oral Insulin for Prevention of Diabetes in Relatives at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Summary

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system (the part of the body which helps fight infections) mistakenly attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin (islet cells found in the pancreas). As these cells are destroyed, the body's ability to produce insulin decreases. There is evidence suggesting that repeated oral administration of an autoantigen (the same protein that the immune system is reacting to) may introduce a protective immunity and cause the immune system to stop its attack. An earlier, large scale study was done to see if oral insulin could delay or prevent the development of Type 1 diabetes in relatives at risk for developing Type 1 diabetes. The overall results showed that for the entire study population, oral insulin did not delay or prevent Type 1 diabetes. However, an analysis that was done after the conclusion of the trial suggested a potential beneficial effect in a subgroup of participants. The participants who seemed to benefit from oral insulin had higher levels of insulin autoantibodies which are directed against insulin itself ( called mIAA). The Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet study group will further explore the potential role of oral insulin to delay or prevent Type 1 diabetes in a similar group of people. The study will also include a secondary group of individuals at different levels of risk than those in the primary cohort to gather information for future studies.

Timeline

Start

2007-02

Primary completion

2016-12

Completion

2017-06

Publications

• Background Bergerot I, Fabien N, Maguer V, Thivolet C. Oral administration of human insulin to NOD mice generates CD4+ T cells that suppress adoptive transfer of diabetes. J Autoimmun. 1994 Oct;7(5):655-63. doi: 10.1006/jaut.1994.1050.
• Background Muir A, Schatz D, Maclaren N. Antigen-specific immunotherapy: oral tolerance and subcutaneous immunization in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1993 Dec;9(4):279-87. doi: 10.1002/dmr.5610090408. No abstract available.
• Background Muir A, Peck A, Clare-Salzler M, Song YH, Cornelius J, Luchetta R, Krischer J, Maclaren N. Insulin immunization of nonobese diabetic mice induces a protective insulitis characterized by diminished intraislet interferon-gamma transcription. J Clin Invest. 1995 Feb;95(2):628-34. doi: 10.1172/JCI117707.
• Background Zhang ZJ, Davidson L, Eisenbarth G, Weiner HL. Suppression of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by oral administration of porcine insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 15;88(22):10252-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10252.
• Background Skyler JS, Krischer JP, Wolfsdorf J, Cowie C, Palmer JP, Greenbaum C, Cuthbertson D, Rafkin-Mervis LE, Chase HP, Leschek E. Effects of oral insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Trial--Type 1. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1068-76. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.5.1068.
• Background Lachin JM. Maximum information designs. Clin Trials. 2005;2(5):453-64. doi: 10.1191/1740774505cn115oa.
• Results Writing Committee for the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Oral Insulin Study Group; Krischer JP, Schatz DA, Bundy B, Skyler JS, Greenbaum CJ. Effect of Oral Insulin on Prevention of Diabetes in Relatives of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Nov 21;318(19):1891-1902. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.17070.

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Indications