Vitamin D Supplementation in HIV-infected Youth

Summary

Along with its effects on bone metabolism, vitamin D is an important modulator of the immune system. Experimental studies have shown that the active metabolite of vitamin D \[1,25(OH)2D\] is able to skew the T cell compartment into a more anti-inflammatory state, with inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells and promotion of Th2 and T regulatory subsets. In the context of HIV infection, in which Th1 subpopulations are devoted to inhibit viral replication, any alteration of the Th1/Th2 balance would be of concern. The aim of this Randomized Controlled Trial is to test wether oral supplementation with cholecalciferol could be able: 1) to improve vitamin D status and, 2) to play an immunomodulatory role, in vertically HIV-infected children and young adults with hypovitaminosis D.

Timeline

Start

2011-04

Primary completion

2012-07

Completion

2012-07

Publications

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• Background Stephensen CB, Marquis GS, Kruzich LA, Douglas SD, Aldrovandi GM, Wilson CM. Vitamin D status in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;83(5):1135-41. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1135.
• Background Rutstein R, Downes A, Zemel B, Schall J, Stallings V. Vitamin D status in children and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Clin Nutr. 2011 Oct;30(5):624-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.02.005. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
• Background Van Den Bout-Van Den Beukel CJ, Fievez L, Michels M, Sweep FC, Hermus AR, Bosch ME, Burger DM, Bravenboer B, Koopmans PP, Van Der Ven AJ. Vitamin D deficiency among HIV type 1-infected individuals in the Netherlands: effects of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008 Nov;24(11):1375-82. doi: 10.1089/aid.2008.0058.
• Background Mueller NJ, Fux CA, Ledergerber B, Elzi L, Schmid P, Dang T, Magenta L, Calmy A, Vergopoulos A, Bischoff-Ferrari HA; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients. AIDS. 2010 May 15;24(8):1127-34. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328337b161.
• Background Allavena C, Delpierre C, Cuzin L, Rey D, Viget N, Bernard J, Guillot P, Duvivier C, Billaud E, Raffi F. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients: effects of HIV-related factors and antiretroviral drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Sep;67(9):2222-30. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks176. Epub 2012 May 15.
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• Background Arpadi SM, McMahon D, Abrams EJ, Bamji M, Purswani M, Engelson ES, Horlick M, Shane E. Effect of bimonthly supplementation with oral cholecalciferol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):e121-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0176.
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• Background Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF. Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Feb 15;374(2):334-8. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1605.
• Background Sloka S, Silva C, Wang J, Yong VW. Predominance of Th2 polarization by vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation. 2011 May 24;8:56. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-56.
• Background Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010 Aug;10(4):482-96. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
• Background Klein SA, Dobmeyer JM, Dobmeyer TS, Pape M, Ottmann OG, Helm EB, Hoelzer D, Rossol R. Demonstration of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift during the course of HIV-1 infection using cytoplasmic cytokine detection on single cell level by flow cytometry. AIDS. 1997 Jul 15;11(9):1111-8. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199709000-00005.
• Background Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385. Epub 2011 Jun 6.
• Background Haug CJ, Aukrust P, Haug E, Morkrid L, Muller F, Froland SS. Severe deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human immunodeficiency virus infection: association with immunological hyperactivity and only minor changes in calcium homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Nov;83(11):3832-8. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.11.5270.
• Background Ryan P. Random allocation of treatments in blocks. Stata Journal;8:594, 2008
• Background Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A. Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. Volume 1: Continuous responses. College Station, TX: Stata Press; 2012.
• Background Jacobson DL, Spiegelman D, Duggan C, Weinberg GA, Bechard L, Furuta L, Nicchitta J, Gorbach SL, Miller TL. Predictors of bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Sep;41(3):339-46. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000174468.75219.30.
• Background Signorello LB, Shi J, Cai Q, Zheng W, Williams SM, Long J, Cohen SS, Li G, Hollis BW, Smith JR, Blot WJ. Common variation in vitamin D pathway genes predicts circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels among African Americans. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28623. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028623. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
• Background Haug C, Muller F, Aukrust P, Froland SS. Subnormal serum concentration of 1,25-vitamin D in human immunodeficiency virus infection: correlation with degree of immune deficiency and survival. J Infect Dis. 1994 Apr;169(4):889-93. doi: 10.1093/infdis/169.4.889.
• Background Teichmann J, Stephan E, Lange U, Discher T, Friese G, Lohmeyer J, Stracke H, Bretzel RG. Osteopenia in HIV-infected women prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect. 2003 May;46(4):221-7. doi: 10.1053/jinf.2002.1109.
• Background Kakalia S, Sochett EB, Stephens D, Assor E, Read SE, Bitnun A. Vitamin D supplementation and CD4 count in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr. 2011 Dec;159(6):951-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.010. Epub 2011 Aug 4.
• Background Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O'Garra A. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol. 2001 Nov 1;167(9):4974-80. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4974.
• Background Fazekas de St Groth B, Landay AL. Regulatory T cells in HIV infection: pathogenic or protective participants in the immune response? AIDS. 2008 Mar 30;22(6):671-83. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f466da. No abstract available.
• Background Aandahl EM, Michaelsson J, Moretto WJ, Hecht FM, Nixon DF. Human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells control T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus antigens. J Virol. 2004 Mar;78(5):2454-9. doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.5.2454-2459.2004.
• Background Sousa AE, Carneiro J, Meier-Schellersheim M, Grossman Z, Victorino RM. CD4 T cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. J Immunol. 2002 Sep 15;169(6):3400-6. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3400.
• Background Bang U, Kolte L, Hitz M, Dam Nielsen S, Schierbeck LL, Andersen O, Haugaard SB, Mathiesen L, Benfield T, Jensen JE. Correlation of increases in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during vitamin D therapy with activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-1-infected males. HIV Clin Trials. 2012 May-Jun;13(3):162-70. doi: 10.1310/hct1303-162.
• Background D'Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, Sinigaglia F, Panina-Bordignon P. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jan 1;101(1):252-62. doi: 10.1172/JCI1050.
• Background Shearer GM, Clerici M. Cytokine profiles in HIV type 1 disease and protection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 Jun;14 Suppl 2:S149-52. No abstract available.
• Background Clerici M, Seminari E, Maggiolo F, Pan A, Migliorino M, Trabattoni D, Castelli F, Suter F, Fusi ML, Minoli L, Carosi G, Maserati R; Master Group. Early and late effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a 2 year follow-up of antiviral-treated and antiviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2002 Sep 6;16(13):1767-73. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200209060-00009.

Drugs

Indications