SAFEGUARD: Pleiotropic Effects of Incretin Based Therapies

Summary

The aim of this study is to detail the (mechanisms underlying the) actions of the GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors on the cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal systems in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Timeline

Start

2013-04

Primary completion

2015-08

Completion

2015-08

Outcome

Missed primary endpoint

paper At week 12, GFR was not affected by sitagliptin (-6 mL/min/1.73 m2 [95% CI -14 to 3], P = 0.17) or liraglutide PMID 27585605 ↗

paper Exenatide (n = 24) did not affect GFR (mean difference +2 ± 3 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2), p = 0.489), ERPF, FF, ERVR or PGLO PMID 27038451 ↗

Publications

• Smits MM, Fluitman KS, Herrema H, Davids M, Kramer MHH, Groen AK, Belzer C, de Vos WM, Cahen DL, Nieuwdorp M, van Raalte DH. Liraglutide and sitagliptin have no effect on intestinal microbiota composition: A 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2021 Sep;47(5):101223. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101223. Epub 2021 Jan 8.
• Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, Kramer MH, Pouwels PJ, Pieters-van den Bos IC, Hoekstra T, Diamant M, van Raalte DH, Cahen DL. Twelve week liraglutide or sitagliptin does not affect hepatic fat in type 2 diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2016 Dec;59(12):2588-2593. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4100-7. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
• Tonneijck L, Smits MM, Muskiet MH, Hoekstra T, Kramer MH, Danser AH, Ter Wee PM, Diamant M, Joles JA, van Raalte DH. Renal Effects of DPP-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin or GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Overweight Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016 Nov;39(11):2042-2050. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1371. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
• Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, Hoekstra T, Kramer MH, Diamant M, Nieuwdorp M, Groen AK, Cahen DL, van Raalte DH. Biliary effects of liraglutide and sitagliptin, a 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016 Dec;18(12):1217-1225. doi: 10.1111/dom.12748. Epub 2016 Aug 30.
• Tonneijck L, Smits MM, Muskiet MHA, Hoekstra T, Kramer MHH, Danser AHJ, Diamant M, Joles JA, van Raalte DH. Acute renal effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide in overweight type 2 diabetes patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2016 Jul;59(7):1412-1421. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3938-z. Epub 2016 Apr 1.
• Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, Hoekstra T, Kramer MH, Pieters IC, Cahen DL, Diamant M, van Raalte DH. Cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal effects of incretin-based therapies: an acute and 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, mechanistic intervention trial in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. 2015 Nov 19;5(11):e009579. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009579.

Drugs

Evaluation	Drug	Modality	Dose	Route
Subject	Exenatide	Peptide	25 ng	Intravenous
Subject	Liraglutide	Peptide	1.8 mg	Subcutaneous
Subject	Sitagliptin	Small molecule	100 mg	—
Background	L-NMMA	Unknown	—	—

Indications