A Within Subjects Comparison of Two Antegrade Flushing Regimens in Children
Summary
There is a surgical procedure to help children with intractable fecal incontinence gain continence for stool through construction of a tube that connects the abdominal wall to the colon near or through the appendix. This tube allows easy administration of enema solution into the first part of the colon. Putting enema solution through that tube into the colon is called an antegrade continence enema (ACE) and has been shown to work well in helping some but not all children prevent stool accidents. The purpose of this study is to compare a large volume ACE flush using a salt water solution called normal saline with a small volume ACE flush using liquid glycerin. The aims of this study are to: 1) find the most effective dose and flush frequency of each solution needed to prevent stool accidents; 2) compare which solution given at the best dose has the least side effects and 3) to determine if administration of either of the ACE flushing solutions causes electrolyte abnormalities or affects colon health.
Timeline
- Start
- 2016-02-09
- Primary completion
- 2017-03-28
- Completion
- 2018-03-30
Publications
- Background Aksnes G, Diseth TH, Helseth A, Edwin B, Stange M, Aafos G, Emblem R. Appendicostomy for antegrade enema: effects on somatic and psychosocial functioning in children with myelomeningocele. Pediatrics. 2002 Mar;109(3):484-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.3.484.
- Background Andersson RE, Olaison G, Tysk C, Ekbom A. Appendectomy is followed by increased risk of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):40-6. doi: 10.1053/gast.2003.50021.
- Background Aspirot A, Fernandez S, Di Lorenzo C, Skaggs B, Mousa H. Antegrade enemas for defecation disorders: do they improve the colonic motility? J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Aug;44(8):1575-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.11.061.
- Background Bani-Hani AH, Cain MP, King S, Rink RC. Tap water irrigation and additives to optimize success with the Malone antegrade continence enema: the Indiana University algorithm. J Urol. 2008 Oct;180(4 Suppl):1757-60; discussion 1760. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.074. Epub 2008 Aug 21.
- Background Balter M. Taking stock of the human microbiome and disease. Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1246-7. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6086.1246. Epub 2012 Jun 6. No abstract available.
- Background Bazar KA, Lee PY, Joon Yun A. An "eye" in the gut: the appendix as a sentinel sensory organ of the immune intelligence network. Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(4):752-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.008.
- Background Becmeur F, Demarche M, Lacreuse I, Molinaro F, Kauffmann I, Moog R, Donnars F, Rebeuh J. Cecostomy button for antegrade enemas: survey of 29 patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Oct;43(10):1853-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.03.043.
- Background Biglan A, Ary D, Wagenaar AC. The value of interrupted time-series experiments for community intervention research. Prev Sci. 2000 Mar;1(1):31-49. doi: 10.1023/a:1010024016308.
- Background Chertow GM, Brady HR. Hyponatraemia from tap-water enema. Lancet. 1994 Sep 10;344(8924):748. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92236-5. No abstract available.
- Background Chow, S., & Liu, J. (2014). Design and analysis of clinical trials: Concepts and methodologies (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Background Chu DI, Balsara ZR, Routh JC, Ross SS, Wiener JS. Experience with glycerin for antegrade continence enema in patients with neurogenic bowel. J Urol. 2013 Feb;189(2):690-3. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.209. Epub 2012 Oct 8.
- Background Curry JI, Osborne A, Malone PS. The MACE procedure: experience in the United Kingdom. J Pediatr Surg. 1999 Feb;34(2):338-40. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90204-x.
- Background Dasso JF, Howell MD. Neonatal appendectomy impairs mucosal immunity in rabbits. Cell Immunol. 1997 Nov 25;182(1):29-37. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1216.
- Background Dey R, Ferguson C, Kenny SE, Shankar KR, Coldicutt P, Baillie CT, Lamont GL, Lloyd DA, Losty PD, Turnock RR. After the honeymoon--medium-term outcome of antegrade continence enema procedure. J Pediatr Surg. 2003 Jan;38(1):65-8; discussion 65-8. doi: 10.1053/jpsu.2003.50012.
- Background Dolejs SC, Smith JK Jr, Sheplock J, Croffie JM, Rescorla FJ. Contemporary short- and long-term outcomes in patients with unremitting constipation and fecal incontinence treated with an antegrade continence enema. J Pediatr Surg. 2017 Jan;52(1):79-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.022. Epub 2016 Oct 27.
- Background Elder JH. Single subject experimentation for psychiatric nursing. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1997 Jun;11(3):133-8. doi: 10.1016/s0883-9417(97)80036-2.
- Background Forchielli ML, Walker WA. The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence. Br J Nutr. 2005 Apr;93 Suppl 1:S41-8. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041356.
- Background Gast, D.L. (2010). Single subjects research methodology in behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge,Taylor & Francis Group
- Background Gebbers JO, Laissue JA. Bacterial translocation in the normal human appendix parallels the development of the local immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1029:337-43. doi: 10.1196/annals.1309.015.
- Background Gomez R, Mousa H, Liem O, Hayes J, Di Lorenzo C. How do antegrade enemas work? Colonic motility in response to administration of normal saline solution into the proximal colon. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Dec;51(6):741-6. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181e75d18.
- Background Hartmann DP, Gottman JM, Jones RR, Gardner W, Kazdin AE, Vaught RS. Interrupted time-series analysis and its application to behavioral data. J Appl Behav Anal. 1980 Winter;13(4):543-59. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-543.
- Background Helikson MA, Parham WA, Tobias JD. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia after phosphate enema use in a child. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Aug;32(8):1244-6. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90692-8.
- Background Hooper LV, Littman DR, Macpherson AJ. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1268-73. doi: 10.1126/science.1223490. Epub 2012 Jun 6.
- Background Ismail EA, Al-Mutairi G, Al-Anzy H. A fatal small dose of phosphate enema in a young child with no renal or gastrointestinal abnormality. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000 Feb;30(2):220-1. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200002000-00025. No abstract available.
- Background Janosky, J.E., Leininger, S.L., Hoerger, M.P., & Libkuman, T.M. (2009). Single subjects designs in biomedicine. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.
- Background Janszky I, Mukamal KJ, Dalman C, Hammar N, Ahnve S. Childhood appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and risk for premature acute myocardial infarction--a nationwide population-based cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2011 Sep;32(18):2290-6. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr137. Epub 2011 Jun 1.
- Background Jia W, Li H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiota: a potential new territory for drug targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Feb;7(2):123-9. doi: 10.1038/nrd2505.
- Background Jones, B., & Kenward, M.G. (2003). Design and analysis of cross-over trials (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
- Background Kaugars AS, Silverman A, Kinservik M, Heinze S, Reinemann L, Sander M, Schneider B, Sood M. Families' perspectives on the effect of constipation and fecal incontinence on quality of life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010 Dec;51(6):747-52. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181de0651.
- Background Kawanishi H. Immunocompetence of normal human appendiceal lymphoid cells: in vitro studies. Immunology. 1987 Jan;60(1):19-28.
- Background Kazdin, A.E. (2011). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Background King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Southwell BR, Chait PG, Hutson JM. The antegrade continence enema successfully treats idiopathic slow-transit constipation. J Pediatr Surg. 2005 Dec;40(12):1935-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.08.011.
- Background Knox CA, Burkhart PV. Issues related to children participating in clinical research. J Pediatr Nurs. 2007 Aug;22(4):310-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2007.02.004.
- Background Large T, Szymanski KM, Whittam B, Misseri R, Chan KH, Kaefer M, Rink RC, Cain MP. Ambulatory patients with spina bifida are 50% more likely to be fecally continent than non-ambulatory patients, particularly after a MACE procedure. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Feb;13(1):60.e1-60.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.06.019. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
- Background Levitt MA, Soffer SZ, Pena A. Continent appendicostomy in the bowel management of fecally incontinent children. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Nov;32(11):1630-3. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90470-x.
- Background Ma HH. An alternative method for quantitative synthesis of single-subject researches: percentage of data points exceeding the median. Behav Modif. 2006 Sep;30(5):598-617. doi: 10.1177/0145445504272974.
- Background Marshall J, Hutson JM, Anticich N, Stanton MP. Antegrade continence enemas in the treatment of slow-transit constipation. J Pediatr Surg. 2001 Aug;36(8):1227-30. doi: 10.1053/jpsu.2001.25768.
- Background Matsuno D, Yamazaki Y, Shiroyanagi Y, Ueda N, Suzuki M, Nishi M, Hagiwara A, Ichiroku T. The role of the retrograde colonic enema in children with spina bifida: is it inferior to the antegrade continence enema? Pediatr Surg Int. 2010 May;26(5):529-33. doi: 10.1007/s00383-010-2585-6. Epub 2010 Mar 3.
- Background Nanigian DK, Nguyen T, Tanaka ST, Cambio A, DiGrande A, Kurzrock EA. Development and validation of the fecal incontinence and constipation quality of life measure in children with spina bifida. J Urol. 2008 Oct;180(4 Suppl):1770-3; discussion 1773. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.103. Epub 2008 Aug 21.
- Background Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G, Jia W, Pettersson S. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1262-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1223813. Epub 2012 Jun 6.
- Background National Institutes of Health. (1998). Policy on inclusion of children as research subjects in clinical research. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
- Background Noverr MC, Huffnagle GB. Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut? Trends Microbiol. 2004 Dec;12(12):562-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.10.008.
- Background Ok JH, Kurzrock EA. Objective measurement of quality of life changes after ACE Malone using the FICQOL survey. J Pediatr Urol. 2011 Jun;7(3):389-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.02.012. Epub 2011 Apr 27.
- Background Peeraully MR, Lopes J, Wright A, Davies BW, Stewart RJ, Singh SS, More BB. Experience of the MACE procedure at a regional pediatric surgical unit: a 15-year retrospective review. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2014 Feb;24(1):113-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1357502. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
- Background Penders J, Stobberingh EE, van den Brandt PA, Thijs C. The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of atopic disorders. Allergy. 2007 Nov;62(11):1223-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01462.x. Epub 2007 Aug 17.
- Background Piantadosi, S. (2005). Clinical trials: A methodologic perspective (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Background Pieper P. Ethical perspectives of children's assent for research participation: deontology and on utilitarianism. Pediatr Nurs. 2008 Jul-Aug;34(4):319-23.
- Background Polit, D.F. (2010). Statistical and data analysis for nursing research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
- Background Portney, L.G., & Watkins, M.P. (2009). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Background Randal Bollinger R, Barbas AS, Bush EL, Lin SS, Parker W. Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix. J Theor Biol. 2007 Dec 21;249(4):826-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032. Epub 2007 Sep 7.
- Background Randall J, Coyne P, Jaffray B. Follow up of children undergoing antegrade continent enema: experience of over two hundred cases. J Pediatr Surg. 2014 Sep;49(9):1405-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.02.090.
- Background Rempher, K.J., & Silkman, C. (2007). How to appraise quantitative research articles. American Nurse Today, 2, 26-28.
- Background Schreiber CK, Stone AR. Fatal hypernatremia associated with the antegrade continence enema procedure. J Urol. 1999 Oct;162(4):1433; discussion 1433-4. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68331-0. No abstract available.
- Background Senn, S. (2002). Cross-over trials in clinical research (2nd ed.). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.
- Background Shuster, J.J. (2007). Design and analysis of experiments. In W.T. Ambrosius (Ed.). Topics in biostatistics (pp. 235-259). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
- Background Shuster JJ. Student t-tests for potentially abnormal data. Stat Med. 2009 Jul 20;28(16):2170-84. doi: 10.1002/sim.3581.
- Background Siddiqui AA, Fishman SJ, Bauer SB, Nurko S. Long-term follow-up of patients after antegrade continence enema procedure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011 May;52(5):574-80. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181ff6042.
- Background Sinha CK, Grewal A, Ward HC. Antegrade continence enema (ACE): current practice. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008 Jun;24(6):685-8. doi: 10.1007/s00383-008-2130-z. Epub 2008 Apr 12.
- Background Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. J Evol Biol. 2009 Oct;22(10):1984-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x. Epub 2009 Aug 12.
- Background Stenstrom P, Graneli C, Salo M, Hagelsteen K, Arnbjornsson E. Appendicostomy in preschool children with anorectal malformation: successful early bowel management with a high frequency of minor complications. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:297084. doi: 10.1155/2013/297084. Epub 2013 Sep 23.
- Background Thomas JC, Dietrich MS, Trusler L, DeMarco RT, Pope JC 4th, Brock JW 3rd, Adams MC. Continent catheterizable channels and the timing of their complications. J Urol. 2006 Oct;176(4 Pt 2):1816-20; discussion 1820. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(06)00610-0.
- Background Tiryaki S, Ergun O, Celik A, Ulman I, Avanoglu A. Success of Malone's antegrade continence enema (MACE) from the patients' perspective. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Nov;20(6):405-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1265156. Epub 2010 Oct 15.
- Background Tomlinson D, von Baeyer CL, Stinson JN, Sung L. A systematic review of faces scales for the self-report of pain intensity in children. Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):e1168-98. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1609. Epub 2010 Oct 4.
- Background Vande Velde S, Van Biervliet S, Van Renterghem K, Van Laecke E, Hoebeke P, Van Winckel M. Achieving fecal continence in patients with spina bifida: a descriptive cohort study. J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2640-4; discussion 2644. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.060. Epub 2007 Oct 22.
- Background Wong DL, Baker CM. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988 Jan-Feb;14(1):9-17. No abstract available.
- Background Yardley IE, Pauniaho SL, Baillie CT, Turnock RR, Coldicutt P, Lamont GL, Kenny SE. After the honeymoon comes divorce: long-term use of the antegrade continence enema procedure. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Jun;44(6):1274-6; discussion 1276-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.030.
- Background Yerkes EB, Rink RC, King S, Cain MP, Kaefer M, Casale AJ. Tap water and the Malone antegrade continence enema: a safe combination? J Urol. 2001 Oct;166(4):1476-8.
- Background Youssef NN, Barksdale Jr E, Griffiths JM, Flores AF, Di Lorenzo C. Management of intractable constipation with antegrade enemas in neurologically intact children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Apr;34(4):402-5. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200204000-00016.
- Results Jarczyk, K.S. (2017). A within subjects comparison of two antegrade flushing regimens in children. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. UFE0051658
Drugs
| Evaluation | Drug | Modality | Dose | Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Glycerin | Other / unclassified | — | Other |
| Subject | sodium chloride | Unknown | — | Other |