PROACT Xa - A Trial to Determine if Participants With an On-X Aortic Valve Can be Maintained Safely on Apixaban

Summary

Currently, warfarin is the only approved anticoagulation for patients with mechanical valves. The purpose of this study is to determine if participants with an On-X Prosthetic Heart Valve / On-X aortic valve can be maintained safely and effectively on apixaban. Both the On-X aortic valve and apixaban have been approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but they have not been approved to be used together.

Timeline

Start

2020-05-01

Primary completion

2022-12-12

Completion

2022-12-12

Outcome

Missed primary endpoint

Stopped: “Safety”

paper noninferiority and OPC success criteria were not met. PMID 38320162 ↗

Publications

• Background Akins CW, Miller DC, Turina MI, Kouchoukos NT, Blackstone EH, Grunkemeier GL, Takkenberg JJ, David TE, Butchart EG, Adams DH, Shahian DM, Hagl S, Mayer JE, Lytle BW; Councils of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; European Assoication for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for Standardizing Definitions of Prosthetic Heart Valve Morbidity. Guidelines for reporting mortality and morbidity after cardiac valve interventions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Apr;135(4):732-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.12.002. No abstract available.
• Background Bourguignon T, Lhommet P, El Khoury R, Candolfi P, Loardi C, Mirza A, Boulanger-Lothion J, Bouquiaux-Stablo-Duncan AL, Marchand M, Aupart M. Very long-term outcomes of the Carpentier-Edwards Perimount aortic valve in patients aged 50-65 years. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016 May;49(5):1462-8. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv384. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
• Background Chambers JB, Pomar JL, Mestres CA, Palatianos GM. Clinical event rates with the On-X bileaflet mechanical heart valve: a multicenter experience with follow-up to 12 years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Feb;145(2):420-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.12.059. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
• Background Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, Granger CB, Kappetein AP, Mack MJ, Blatchford J, Devenny K, Friedman J, Guiver K, Harper R, Khder Y, Lobmeyer MT, Maas H, Voigt JU, Simoons ML, Van de Werf F; RE-ALIGN Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 26;369(13):1206-14. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1300615. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
• Background Glaser N, Jackson V, Holzmann MJ, Franco-Cereceda A, Sartipy U. Aortic valve replacement with mechanical vs. biological prostheses in patients aged 50-69 years. Eur Heart J. 2016 Sep 7;37(34):2658-67. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv580. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
• Background Goldstone AB, Chiu P, Baiocchi M, Lingala B, Patrick WL, Fischbein MP, Woo YJ. Mechanical or Biologic Prostheses for Aortic-Valve and Mitral-Valve Replacement. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 9;377(19):1847-1857. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613792.
• Background Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L; ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
• Background Head SJ, Mylotte D, Mack MJ, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Leon MB, Kappetein AP, Holmes DR Jr. Considerations and Recommendations for the Introduction of Objective Performance Criteria for Transcatheter Aortic Heart Valve Device Approval. Circulation. 2016 May 24;133(21):2086-93. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020493.
• Background Head SJ, Celik M, Kappetein AP. Mechanical versus bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. Eur Heart J. 2017 Jul 21;38(28):2183-2191. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx141.
• Background IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Borm GF. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014 Feb 18;14:25. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-25.
• Background Samsa G, Matchar DB, Dolor RJ, Wiklund I, Hedner E, Wygant G, Hauch O, Marple CB, Edwards R. A new instrument for measuring anticoagulation-related quality of life: development and preliminary validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 May 6;2:22. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-2-22.
• Background Lester PA, Coleman DM, Diaz JA, Jackson TO, Hawley AE, Mathues AR, Grant BT, Knabb RM, Ramacciotti E, Frost CE, Song Y, Wakefield TW, Myers DD Jr. Apixaban Versus Warfarin for Mechanical Heart Valve Thromboprophylaxis in a Swine Aortic Heterotopic Valve Model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017 May;37(5):942-948. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308649. Epub 2017 Feb 23.
• Background McNicholas KW, Ivey TD, Metras J, Szentpetery S, Marra SW, Masters RG, Dilling EW, Slaughter MS, Mack MJ. North American multicenter experience with the On-X prosthetic heart valve. J Heart Valve Dis. 2006 Jan;15(1):73-8; discussion 79.
• Background Palatianos GM, Laczkovics AM, Simon P, Pomar JL, Birnbaum DE, Greve HH, Haverich A. Multicentered European study on safety and effectiveness of the On-X prosthetic heart valve: intermediate follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007 Jan;83(1):40-6. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.010.
• Background Puskas J, Gerdisch M, Nichols D, Quinn R, Anderson C, Rhenman B, Fermin L, McGrath M, Kong B, Hughes C, Sethi G, Wait M, Martin T, Graeve A; PROACT Investigators. Reduced anticoagulation after mechanical aortic valve replacement: interim results from the prospective randomized on-X valve anticoagulation clinical trial randomized Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Apr;147(4):1202-1210; discussion 1210-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.01.004. Epub 2014 Jan 12.
• Background Puskas JD, Gerdisch M, Nichols D, Fermin L, Rhenman B, Kapoor D, Copeland J, Quinn R, Hughes GC, Azar H, McGrath M, Wait M, Kong B, Martin T, Douville EC, Meyer S, Ye J, Jamieson WRE, Landvater L, Hagberg R, Trotter T, Armitage J, Askew J, Accola K, Levy P, Duncan D, Yanagawa B, Ely J, Graeve A; PROACT Investigators. Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Strategies After On-X Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jun 19;71(24):2717-2726. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.535.
• Background Tossios P, Reber D, Oustria M, Holland-Letz T, Germing A, Buchwald D, Laczkovics A. Single-center experience with the On-X prosthetic heart valve between 1996 and 2005. J Heart Valve Dis. 2007 Sep;16(5):551-7.
• Background Williams MA, van Riet S. The On-X heart valve: mid-term results in a poorly anticoagulated population. J Heart Valve Dis. 2006 Jan;15(1):80-6.
• Background Wu Y, Butchart EG, Borer JS, Yoganathan A, Grunkemeier GL. Clinical evaluation of new heart valve prostheses: update of objective performance criteria. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Nov;98(5):1865-74. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.006. Epub 2014 Sep 23.
• Background Jawitz OK, Wang TY, Lopes RD, Chavez A, Boyer B, Kim H, Anstrom KJ, Becker RC, Blackstone E, Ruel M, Thourani VH, Puskas JD, Gerdisch MW, Johnston D, Capps S, Alexander JH, Svensson LG. Rationale and design of PROACT Xa: A randomized, multicenter, open-label, clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with a mechanical On-X Aortic Heart Valve. Am Heart J. 2020 Sep;227:91-99. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.06.014. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
• Wang TY, Svensson LG, Wen J, Vekstein A, Gerdisch M, Rao VU, Moront M, Johnston D, Lopes RD, Chavez A, Ruel M, Blackstone EH, Becker RC, Thourani V, Puskas J, Al-Khalidi HR, Cable DG, Elefteriades JA, Pochettino A, Wolfe JA, Graeve A, Sultan I, Sabe AA, Michelena HI, Alexander JH. Apixaban or Warfarin in Patients with an On-X Mechanical Aortic Valve. NEJM Evid. 2023 Jul;2(7):EVIDoa2300067. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300067. Epub 2023 May 6.

Drugs

Evaluation	Drug	Modality	Dose	Route
Subject	Apixaban	Small molecule	2.5 mg	—
Subject	Apixaban	Small molecule	5 mg	—
Comparator	Warfarin	Small molecule	—	—

Indications