Toripalimab for Local-regional Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Summary

This is a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial to study the effectiveness and toxicity of PD-1 antibody Toripalimab combined with concurrent cisplatin chemoradiotherapy versus cisplatin concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in treating patients with locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Timeline

Start

2020-06-28

Primary completion

2023-04

Completion

2028-04

Publications

• Background Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov;68(6):394-424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
• Background Chua MLK, Wee JTS, Hui EP, Chan ATC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 2016 Mar 5;387(10022):1012-1024. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00055-0. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
• Background Keir ME, Butte MJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:677-704. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331.
• Background Latchman Y, Wood CR, Chernova T, Chaudhary D, Borde M, Chernova I, Iwai Y, Long AJ, Brown JA, Nunes R, Greenfield EA, Bourque K, Boussiotis VA, Carter LL, Carreno BM, Malenkovich N, Nishimura H, Okazaki T, Honjo T, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ. PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation. Nat Immunol. 2001 Mar;2(3):261-8. doi: 10.1038/85330.
• Background Barber DL, Wherry EJ, Masopust D, Zhu B, Allison JP, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R. Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. Nature. 2006 Feb 9;439(7077):682-7. doi: 10.1038/nature04444. Epub 2005 Dec 28.
• Background Chen BJ, Chapuy B, Ouyang J, Sun HH, Roemer MG, Xu ML, Yu H, Fletcher CD, Freeman GJ, Shipp MA, Rodig SJ. PD-L1 expression is characteristic of a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas and virus-associated malignancies. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Jul 1;19(13):3462-73. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0855. Epub 2013 May 14.
• Background Fang W, Zhang J, Hong S, Zhan J, Chen N, Qin T, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Kang S, Zhou T, Wu X, Liang W, Hu Z, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Yang Y, Xue C, Yan Y, Hou X, Huang P, Huang Y, Zhao H, Zhang L. EBV-driven LMP1 and IFN-gamma up-regulate PD-L1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Implications for oncotargeted therapy. Oncotarget. 2014 Dec 15;5(23):12189-202. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2608.
• Background Dong H, Chen L. B7-H1 pathway and its role in the evasion of tumor immunity. J Mol Med (Berl). 2003 May;81(5):281-7. doi: 10.1007/s00109-003-0430-2. Epub 2003 Apr 30.
• Background Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012 Mar 22;12(4):252-64. doi: 10.1038/nrc3239.
• Background Ferris RL, Blumenschein G Jr, Fayette J, Guigay J, Colevas AD, Licitra L, Harrington K, Kasper S, Vokes EE, Even C, Worden F, Saba NF, Iglesias Docampo LC, Haddad R, Rordorf T, Kiyota N, Tahara M, Monga M, Lynch M, Geese WJ, Kopit J, Shaw JW, Gillison ML. Nivolumab for Recurrent Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1856-1867. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602252. Epub 2016 Oct 8.
• Background Costa R, Carneiro BA, Agulnik M, Rademaker AW, Pai SG, Villaflor VM, Cristofanilli M, Sosman JA, Giles FJ. Toxicity profile of approved anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 31;8(5):8910-8920. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13315.
• Background Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Waterhouse D, Ready N, Gainor J, Aren Frontera O, Havel L, Steins M, Garassino MC, Aerts JG, Domine M, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Baudelet C, Harbison CT, Lestini B, Spigel DR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 9;373(2):123-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504627. Epub 2015 May 31.
• Background Zhang J, Fang W, Qin T, Yang Y, Hong S, Liang W, Ma Y, Zhao H, Huang Y, Xue C, Huang P, Hu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Co-expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 predicts poor outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Med Oncol. 2015 Mar;32(3):86. doi: 10.1007/s12032-015-0501-6. Epub 2015 Feb 22.
• Background Lee VH, Lo AW, Leung CY, Shek WH, Kwong DL, Lam KO, Tong CC, Sze CK, Leung TW. Correlation of PD-L1 Expression of Tumor Cells with Survival Outcomes after Radical Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Non-Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 24;11(6):e0157969. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157969. eCollection 2016.
• Background Hsu C, Lee SH, Ejadi S, Even C, Cohen RB, Le Tourneau C, Mehnert JM, Algazi A, van Brummelen EMJ, Saraf S, Thanigaimani P, Cheng JD, Hansen AR. Safety and Antitumor Activity of Pembrolizumab in Patients With Programmed Death-Ligand 1-Positive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Results of the KEYNOTE-028 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Dec 20;35(36):4050-4056. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.73.3675. Epub 2017 Aug 24.
• Background Ma BBY, Lim WT, Goh BC, Hui EP, Lo KW, Pettinger A, Foster NR, Riess JW, Agulnik M, Chang AYC, Chopra A, Kish JA, Chung CH, Adkins DR, Cullen KJ, Gitlitz BJ, Lim DW, To KF, Chan KCA, Lo YMD, King AD, Erlichman C, Yin J, Costello BA, Chan ATC. Antitumor Activity of Nivolumab in Recurrent and Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An International, Multicenter Study of the Mayo Clinic Phase 2 Consortium (NCI-9742). J Clin Oncol. 2018 May 10;36(14):1412-1418. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.77.0388. Epub 2018 Mar 27.
• Background Xiao WW, Huang SM, Han F, Wu SX, Lu LX, Lin CG, Deng XW, Lu TX, Cui NJ, Zhao C. Local control, survival, and late toxicities of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy combined with cisplatin concurrent chemotherapy: long-term results of a phase 2 study. Cancer. 2011 May 1;117(9):1874-83. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25754. Epub 2010 Nov 16.
• Background Lai SZ, Li WF, Chen L, Luo W, Chen YY, Liu LZ, Sun Y, Lin AH, Liu MZ, Ma J. How does intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy influence the treatment results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Jul 1;80(3):661-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.03.024. Epub 2010 Jul 17.
• Background Lee AW, Ng WT, Pan JJ, Poh SS, Ahn YC, AlHussain H, Corry J, Grau C, Gregoire V, Harrington KJ, Hu CS, Kwong DL, Langendijk JA, Le QT, Lee NY, Lin JC, Lu TX, Mendenhall WM, O'Sullivan B, Ozyar E, Peters LJ, Rosenthal DI, Soong YL, Tao Y, Yom SS, Wee JT. International guideline for the delineation of the clinical target volumes (CTV) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2018 Jan;126(1):25-36. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.10.032. Epub 2017 Nov 15.
• Background Lee NY, Zhang Q, Pfister DG, Kim J, Garden AS, Mechalakos J, Hu K, Le QT, Colevas AD, Glisson BS, Chan AT, Ang KK. Addition of bevacizumab to standard chemoradiation for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RTOG 0615): a phase 2 multi-institutional trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):172-80. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70303-5. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
• Background Lee N, Harris J, Garden AS, Straube W, Glisson B, Xia P, Bosch W, Morrison WH, Quivey J, Thorstad W, Jones C, Ang KK. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: radiation therapy oncology group phase II trial 0225. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3684-90. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.9109. Epub 2009 Jun 29.

Drugs

Indications