Efficacy and Safety of Rifaximin With NAC in IBS-D

Summary

Randomized, prospective proof of concept, double-blind, single site clinical trial to determine the efficacy of combined rifaximin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) therapy vs. rifaximin alone in decreasing clinical symptoms in subjects with IBS-D.

Timeline

Start

2020-11-13

Primary completion

2021-08-31

Completion

2022-10-30

Publications

• Background Johansson ME, Sjovall H, Hansson GC. The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jun;10(6):352-61. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.35. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
• Background Ermund A, Schutte A, Johansson ME, Gustafsson JK, Hansson GC. Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. I. Gastrointestinal mucus layers have different properties depending on location as well as over the Peyer's patches. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013 Sep 1;305(5):G341-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00046.2013. Epub 2013 Jul 5.
• Background Oriano M, Terranova L, Teri A, Sottotetti S, Ruggiero L, Tafuro C, Marchisio P, Gramegna A, Amati F, Nava F, Franceschi E, Cariani L, Blasi F, Aliberti S. Comparison of different conditions for DNA extraction in sputum - a pilot study. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2019 Jan 31;14:6. doi: 10.1186/s40248-018-0166-z. eCollection 2019.
• Background Leite GGS, Morales W, Weitsman S, Celly S, Parodi G, Mathur R, Sedighi R, Barlow GM, Rezaie A, Pimentel M. Optimizing microbiome sequencing for small intestinal aspirates: validation of novel techniques through the REIMAGINE study. BMC Microbiol. 2019 Nov 1;19(1):239. doi: 10.1186/s12866-019-1617-1.
• Background Sadowska AM, Verbraecken J, Darquennes K, De Backer WA. Role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2006;1(4):425-34. doi: 10.2147/copd.2006.1.4.425.
• Background Mokhtari V, Afsharian P, Shahhoseini M, Kalantar SM, Moini A. A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine. Cell J. 2017 Apr-Jun;19(1):11-17. doi: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4872. Epub 2016 Dec 21.
• Background Lembo A, Pimentel M, Rao SS, Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Weinstock LB, Paterson C, Bortey E, Forbes WP. Repeat Treatment With Rifaximin Is Safe and Effective in Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2016 Dec;151(6):1113-1121. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.003. Epub 2016 Aug 13.
• Background Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Jul;10(7):712-721.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.02.029. Epub 2012 Mar 15.
• Background Thompson WG. The functional gasterointestinal bowel disorders. In: Drossman DA, editor. The functional gaterointestinal disorders. Boston: Little, Brown; 1994. p. pp-117-134.
• Background Neal KR, Barker L, Spiller RC. Prognosis in post-infective irritable bowel syndrome: a six year follow up study. Gut. 2002 Sep;51(3):410-3. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.3.410.
• Background The burden of gasterointestinal diseases. In: American Gastroenterological Association; 2001; Bethesda, MD; 2001.
• Background Lackner JM, Gudleski GD, Zack MM, Katz LA, Powell C, Krasner S, Holmes E, Dorscheimer K. Measuring health-related quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: can less be more? Psychosom Med. 2006 Mar-Apr;68(2):312-20. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000204897.25745.7c.
• Background Okhuysen PC, Jiang ZD, Carlin L, Forbes C, DuPont HL. Post-diarrhea chronic intestinal symptoms and irritable bowel syndrome in North American travelers to Mexico. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep;99(9):1774-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30435.x.
• Background Mearin F, Perez-Oliveras M, Perello A, Vinyet J, Ibanez A, Coderch J, Perona M. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome after a Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak: one-year follow-up cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):98-104. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.04.012.
• Background Ji S, Park H, Lee D, Song YK, Choi JP, Lee SI. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Shigella infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Mar;20(3):381-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03574.x.
• Background Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, Hebden JM, Wright T, Skinner M, Neal KR. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2000 Dec;47(6):804-11. doi: 10.1136/gut.47.6.804.
• Background Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Dec;95(12):3503-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03368.x.
• Background Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):412-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07234.x.
• Background Lupascu A, Gabrielli M, Lauritano EC, Scarpellini E, Santoliquido A, Cammarota G, Flore R, Tondi P, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Hydrogen glucose breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case-control study in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Dec;22(11-12):1157-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02690.x.
• Background Cuoco L, Salvagnini M. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: a retrospective study with rifaximin. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2006 Mar;52(1):89-95.
• Background Majewski M, McCallum RW. Results of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth testing in irritable bowel syndrome patients: clinical profiles and effects of antibiotic trial. Adv Med Sci. 2007;52:139-42.
• Background Shah ED, Basseri RJ, Chong K, Pimentel M. Abnormal breath testing in IBS: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Sep;55(9):2441-9. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1276-4. Epub 2010 May 14.
• Background Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bjornsson ES, Abrahamsson H, Simren M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2007 Jun;56(6):802-8. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.108712. Epub 2006 Dec 5.
• Background Pyleris E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Tzivras D, Koussoulas V, Barbatzas C, Pimentel M. The prevalence of overgrowth by aerobic bacteria in the small intestine by small bowel culture: relationship with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 May;57(5):1321-9. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2033-7. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
• Background Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Pyleris E, Barbatzas C, Pistiki A, Pimentel M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is associated with irritable bowel syndrome and is independent of proton pump inhibitor usage. BMC Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul 11;16(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s12876-016-0484-6.
• Background Pimentel M, Morales W, Pokkunuri V, Brikos C, Kim SM, Kim SE, Triantafyllou K, Weitsman S, Marsh Z, Marsh E, Chua KS, Srinivasan S, Barlow GM, Chang C. Autoimmunity Links Vinculin to the Pathophysiology of Chronic Functional Bowel Changes Following Campylobacter jejuni Infection in a Rat Model. Dig Dis Sci. 2015 May;60(5):1195-205. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3435-5. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
• Background Pimentel M, Morales W, Rezaie A, Marsh E, Lembo A, Mirocha J, Leffler DA, Marsh Z, Weitsman S, Chua KS, Barlow GM, Bortey E, Forbes W, Yu A, Chang C. Development and validation of a biomarker for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in human subjects. PLoS One. 2015 May 13;10(5):e0126438. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126438. eCollection 2015.
• Background Shenker BJ, Hoffmaster RH, Zekavat A, Yamaguchi N, Lally ET, Demuth DR. Induction of apoptosis in human T cells by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin is a consequence of G2 arrest of the cell cycle. J Immunol. 2001 Jul 1;167(1):435-41. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.435.
• Background Purdy D, Buswell CM, Hodgson AE, McALPINE K, Henderson I, Leach SA. Characterisation of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) mutants of Campylobacter jejuni. J Med Microbiol. 2000 May;49(5):473-479. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-5-473.
• Background Pickett CL, Whitehouse CA. The cytolethal distending toxin family. Trends Microbiol. 1999 Jul;7(7):292-7. doi: 10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01537-1.
• Background Eshraghi A, Maldonado-Arocho FJ, Gargi A, Cardwell MM, Prouty MG, Blanke SR, Bradley KA. Cytolethal distending toxin family members are differentially affected by alterations in host glycans and membrane cholesterol. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 11;285(24):18199-207. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.112912. Epub 2010 Apr 12.
• Background Smith JL, Bayles DO. The contribution of cytolethal distending toxin to bacterial pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2006 Oct-Dec;32(4):227-48. doi: 10.1080/10408410601023557.
• Background Frisk A, Lebens M, Johansson C, Ahmed H, Svensson L, Ahlman K, Lagergard T. The role of different protein components from the Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin in the generation of cell toxicity. Microb Pathog. 2001 Jun;30(6):313-24. doi: 10.1006/mpat.2000.0436.
• Background Torihashi S, Ward SM, Nishikawa S, Nishi K, Kobayashi S, Sanders KM. c-kit-dependent development of interstitial cells and electrical activity in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res. 1995 Apr;280(1):97-111. doi: 10.1007/BF00304515.
• Background Rumessen JJ. Ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal at the colonic submuscular border in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1996 Dec;111(6):1447-55. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(96)70005-7.
• Background Streutker CJ, Huizinga JD, Campbell F, Ho J, Riddell RH. Loss of CD117 (c-kit)- and CD34-positive ICC and associated CD34-positive fibroblasts defines a subpopulation of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 Feb;27(2):228-35. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200302000-00012.
• Background Vanderwinden JM, Liu H, De Laet MH, Vanderhaeghen JJ. Study of the interstitial cells of Cajal in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Gastroenterology. 1996 Aug;111(2):279-88. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690192.
• Background Ordog T, Takayama I, Cheung WK, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Remodeling of networks of interstitial cells of Cajal in a murine model of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes. 2000 Oct;49(10):1731-9. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.10.1731.
• Background Bassotti G, Villanacci V, Maurer CA, Fisogni S, Di Fabio F, Cadei M, Morelli A, Panagiotis T, Cathomas G, Salerni B. The role of glial cells and apoptosis of enteric neurones in the neuropathology of intractable slow transit constipation. Gut. 2006 Jan;55(1):41-6. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.073197. Epub 2005 Jul 24.
• Background Pimentel M, Chatterjee S, Chow EJ, Park S, Kong Y. Neomycin improves constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in a fashion that is dependent on the presence of methane gas: subanalysis of a double-blind randomized controlled study. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Aug;51(8):1297-301. doi: 10.1007/s10620-006-9104-6. Epub 2006 Jul 11.
• Background Sharara AI, Aoun E, Abdul-Baki H, Mounzer R, Sidani S, Elhajj I. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin in patients with abdominal bloating and flatulence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb;101(2):326-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00458.x.
• Background Pimentel M, Park S, Mirocha J, Kane SV, Kong Y. The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Oct 17;145(8):557-63. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00004.
• Background Pimentel M, Lembo A, Chey WD, Zakko S, Ringel Y, Yu J, Mareya SM, Shaw AL, Bortey E, Forbes WP; TARGET Study Group. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 6;364(1):22-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1004409.
• Background Debbia EA, Maioli E, Roveta S, Marchese A. Effects of rifaximin on bacterial virulence mechanisms at supra- and sub-inhibitory concentrations. J Chemother. 2008 Apr;20(2):186-94. doi: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.2.186.
• Background Jiang ZD, DuPont HL. Rifaximin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity--a review. Chemotherapy. 2005;51 Suppl 1:67-72. doi: 10.1159/000081991.
• Background Gerard L, Garey KW, DuPont HL. Rifaximin: a nonabsorbable rifamycin antibiotic for use in nonsystemic gastrointestinal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005 Apr;3(2):201-11. doi: 10.1586/14787210.3.2.201.
• Background Fodor AA, Pimentel M, Chey WD, Lembo A, Golden PL, Israel RJ, Carroll IM. Rifaximin is associated with modest, transient decreases in multiple taxa in the gut microbiota of patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Microbes. 2019;10(1):22-33. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1460013. Epub 2018 Jul 18.
• Background Pimentel M, Lembo A. Microbiome and Its Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Mar;65(3):829-839. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06109-5.
• Background Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L, Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Simren M, Spiller R. Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016 Feb 18:S0016-5085(16)00222-5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. Online ahead of print.
• Villanueva-Millan MJ, Leite G, Wang J, Morales W, Parodi G, Pimentel ML, Barlow GM, Mathur R, Rezaie A, Sanchez M, Ayyad S, Cohrs D, Chang C, Rashid M, Hosseini A, Fiorentino A, Weitsman S, Chuang B, Chang B, Pichetshote N, Pimentel M. Methanogens and Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria Guide Distinct Gut Microbe Profiles and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtypes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 1;117(12):2055-2066. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001997. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
• Pimentel M, Mathur R, Wang J, Chang C, Hosseini A, Fiorentino A, Rashid M, Pichetshote N, Basseri B, Treyzon L, Chang B, Leite G, Morales W, Weitsman S, Kraus A, Rezaie A. A Smartphone Application Using Artificial Intelligence Is Superior To Subject Self-Reporting When Assessing Stool Form. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jul 1;117(7):1118-1124. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001723. Epub 2022 Mar 14.

Drugs

Indications