Management of Shock in Children With SAM or Severe Underweight and Diarrhea

Summary

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of under-five childhood mortality and accounts for 8% of 5.4 million global under-5 deaths. The coexistence of sepsis and hypovolemic shock in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) having diarrhea is common. At Dhaka hospital of icddr,b, the death rate is as high as 40% and 69% in children with severe sepsis and septic shock respectively with co-morbidities such as severe malnutrition. The conventional management of SAM children with features of severe sepsis recommended by WHO includes administration of boluses of isotonic saline followed by blood transfusion in unresponsive cases with septic shock; whereas the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guideline recommends vasoactive support. To date, no study has evaluated systematically the effects of inotrope(s) and vasopressor or blood transfusion in children with dehydrating diarrhea (for example, in cholera) and SAM having shock and unresponsive to WHO standard fluid therapy. This randomized trial will generate evidence whether inotrope and vasopressor or blood transfusion should be selected for severely malnourished children having hypotensive shock and who failed to respond to WHO standard fluid bolus.

Timeline

Start

2021-08-17

Primary completion

2025-07-31

Completion

2025-11-30

Publications

• Background Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK154447/
• Background AABB. Technical Manual. 19th ed. Fung MK, Eder AF, Spitalnik SL, Westhoff CM, editors. United States.
• Background Green REB, Klostermann DA. The Antiglobulin Test. In: Harmening D, editor. Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. 6th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. p. 107-10.
• Results Chisti MJ, Pietroni MA, Smith JH, Bardhan PK, Salam MA. Predictors of death in under-five children with diarrhoea admitted to a critical care ward in an urban hospital in Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 2011 Dec;100(12):e275-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02368.x. Epub 2011 Jun 21.
• Results Sarmin M, Ahmed T, Bardhan PK, Chisti MJ. Specialist hospital study shows that septic shock and drowsiness predict mortality in children under five with diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Jul;103(7):e306-11. doi: 10.1111/apa.12640. Epub 2014 Apr 11.
• Results Ahmed T, Ali M, Ullah MM, Choudhury IA, Haque ME, Salam MA, Rabbani GH, Suskind RM, Fuchs GJ. Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol. Lancet. 1999 Jun 5;353(9168):1919-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07499-6.
• Results Chisti MJ, Salam MA, Bardhan PK, Faruque AS, Shahid AS, Shahunja KM, Das SK, Hossain MI, Ahmed T. Severe Sepsis in Severely Malnourished Young Bangladeshi Children with Pneumonia: A Retrospective Case Control Study. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 6;10(10):e0139966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139966. eCollection 2015.
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• Results Chisti MJ, Saha S, Roy CN, Salam MA. Predictors of bacteremia in infants with diarrhea and systemic inflammatory response syndrome attending an urban diarrheal treatment center in a developing country. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010 Jan;11(1):92-7. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b063e1.
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• Results Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, Deymann AJ, Lin JC, Nguyen TC, Okhuysen-Cawley RS, Relvas MS, Rozenfeld RA, Skippen PW, Stojadinovic BJ, Williams EA, Yeh TS, Balamuth F, Brierley J, de Caen AR, Cheifetz IM, Choong K, Conway E Jr, Cornell T, Doctor A, Dugas MA, Feldman JD, Fitzgerald JC, Flori HR, Fortenberry JD, Graciano AL, Greenwald BM, Hall MW, Han YY, Hernan LJ, Irazuzta JE, Iselin E, van der Jagt EW, Jeffries HE, Kache S, Katyal C, Kissoon N, Kon AA, Kutko MC, MacLaren G, Maul T, Mehta R, Odetola F, Parbuoni K, Paul R, Peters MJ, Ranjit S, Reuter-Rice KE, Schnitzler EJ, Scott HF, Torres A Jr, Weingarten-Arams J, Weiss SL, Zimmerman JJ, Zuckerberg AL. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2017 Jun;45(6):1061-1093. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002425.
• Results Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Lang T, Brent B, Evans JA, Tibenderana JK, Crawley J, Russell EC, Levin M, Babiker AG, Gibb DM; FEAST Trial Group. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30;364(26):2483-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1101549. Epub 2011 May 26.
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• Results Maitland K, George EC, Evans JA, Kiguli S, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Brent B, Nteziyaremye J, Mpoya A, Prevatt N, Dambisya CM, Semakula D, Ddungu A, Okuuny V, Wokulira R, Timbwa M, Otii B, Levin M, Crawley J, Babiker AG, Gibb DM; FEAST trial group. Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insights from the FEAST trial. BMC Med. 2013 Mar 14;11:68. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-68.
• Results Phornphatkul C, Pongprot Y, Suskind R, George V, Fuchs G. Cardiac function in malnourished children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1994 Mar;33(3):147-54. doi: 10.1177/000992289403300304.
• Results Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, Goes PF, de Cassia F O Fernandes I, de Souza DC, Paulo RL, Chagas F, Gilio AE. Double-Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Dopamine Versus Epinephrine as First-Line Vasoactive Drugs in Pediatric Septic Shock. Crit Care Med. 2015 Nov;43(11):2292-302. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001260.
• Results Ramaswamy KN, Singhi S, Jayashree M, Bansal A, Nallasamy K. Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Dopamine and Epinephrine in Pediatric Fluid-Refractory Hypotensive Septic Shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 Nov;17(11):e502-e512. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000954.
• Results Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus MSD, Flori HR, Inwald DP, Nadel S, Schlapbach LJ, Tasker RC, Argent AC, Brierley J, Carcillo J, Carrol ED, Carroll CL, Cheifetz IM, Choong K, Cies JJ, Cruz AT, De Luca D, Deep A, Faust SN, De Oliveira CF, Hall MW, Ishimine P, Javouhey E, Joosten KFM, Joshi P, Karam O, Kneyber MCJ, Lemson J, MacLaren G, Mehta NM, Moller MH, Newth CJL, Nguyen TC, Nishisaki A, Nunnally ME, Parker MM, Paul RM, Randolph AG, Ranjit S, Romer LH, Scott HF, Tume LN, Verger JT, Williams EA, Wolf J, Wong HR, Zimmerman JJ, Kissoon N, Tissieres P. Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for the Management of Septic Shock and Sepsis-Associated Organ Dysfunction in Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;21(2):e52-e106. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002198.
• Results Sun JT. New Advances in Emergency Ultrasound Protocols for Shock. J Med Ultrasound. 2017 Oct-Dec;25(4):191-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jmu.2017.09.005. Epub 2017 Dec 6. No abstract available.
• Results Sekiguchi H, Harada Y, Villarraga HR, Mankad SV, Gajic O. Focused cardiac ultrasound in the early resuscitation of severe sepsis and septic shock: a prospective pilot study. J Anesth. 2017 Aug;31(4):487-493. doi: 10.1007/s00540-017-2312-8. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
• Results McQuilten ZK, Cooper DJ. Age of Red Blood Cells for Transfusion in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients. JAMA. 2019 Dec 10;322(22):2175-2176. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.17476. No abstract available.
• Results Tiwari AK, Aggarwal G, Dara RC, Arora D, Gupta GK, Raina V. First Indian study to establish safety of immediate-spin crossmatch for red blood cell transfusion in antibody screen-negative recipients. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2017 Jan-Jun;11(1):40-44. doi: 10.4103/0973-6247.200774.
• Sarmin M, Shaly NJ, Sultana T, Tariqujjaman M, Shikha SS, Mariam N, Jeorge DH, Tabassum M, Nahar B, Afroze F, Shahrin L, Hossain MI, Alam B, Faruque ASG, Islam MM, Osmany DMF, Ahmed CM, Manji K, Kissoon N, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T. Efficacy of dopamine, epinephrine and blood transfusion for treatment of fluid refractory shock in children with severe acute malnutrition or severe underweight and cholera or other dehydrating diarrhoeas: protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2023 Apr 12;13(4):e068660. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068660.

Drugs

Indications

No indication recorded.