Therapeutic Strategies for Microvascular Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes

Summary

The investigators will test the hypothesis that, in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism (GLP-1RA, i.e. dulaglutide) enhances insulin-mediated skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion via attenuating endothelial oxidative stress and thereby improving endothelial function.

Timeline

Start

2023-10-05

Primary completion

2028-06-30

Completion

2028-07-30

Publications

• Background Secrest AM, Becker DJ, Kelsey SF, Laporte RE, Orchard TJ. Cause-specific mortality trends in a large population-based cohort with long-standing childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2010 Dec;59(12):3216-22. doi: 10.2337/db10-0862. Epub 2010 Aug 25.
• Background Rawshani A, Sattar N, Franzen S, Rawshani A, Hattersley AT, Svensson AM, Eliasson B, Gudbjornsdottir S. Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):477-486. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31506-X. Epub 2018 Aug 9.
• Background Foster NC, Beck RW, Miller KM, Clements MA, Rickels MR, DiMeglio LA, Maahs DM, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal R, Smith E, Olson BA, Garg SK. State of Type 1 Diabetes Management and Outcomes from the T1D Exchange in 2016-2018. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019 Feb;21(2):66-72. doi: 10.1089/dia.2018.0384. Epub 2019 Jan 18.
• Background Bergman BC, Howard D, Schauer IE, Maahs DM, Snell-Bergeon JK, Eckel RH, Perreault L, Rewers M. Features of hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin resistance unique to type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 May;97(5):1663-72. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3172. Epub 2012 Feb 22.
• Background Donga E, Dekkers OM, Corssmit EP, Romijn JA. Insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes assessed by glucose clamp studies: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;173(1):101-9. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0911. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
• Background Bjornstad P, Maahs DM, Duca LM, Pyle L, Rewers M, Johnson RJ, Snell-Bergeon JK. Estimated insulin sensitivity predicts incident micro- and macrovascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes over 6 years: the coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes study. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 May-Jun;30(4):586-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.02.011. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
• Background Barrett EJ, Wang H, Upchurch CT, Liu Z. Insulin regulates its own delivery to skeletal muscle by feed-forward actions on the vasculature. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug;301(2):E252-63. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00186.2011. Epub 2011 May 24.
• Background Muniyappa R, Chen H, Montagnani M, Sherman A, Quon MJ. Endothelial dysfunction due to selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium: insights from mechanistic modeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Sep 1;319(3):E629-E646. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00247.2020. Epub 2020 Aug 10.
• Background Ce GV, Rohde LE, da Silva AM, Punales MK, de Castro AC, Bertoluci MC. Endothelial dysfunction is related to poor glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes under 5 years of disease: evidence of metabolic memory. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May;96(5):1493-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2363. Epub 2011 Feb 23.
• Background Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010 Aug;26(6):631-40. doi: 10.1007/s10554-010-9616-1. Epub 2010 Mar 26.
• Background Zhao L, Fu Z, Wu J, Aylor KW, Barrett EJ, Cao W, Liu Z. Inflammation-induced microvascular insulin resistance is an early event in diet-induced obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015 Dec;129(12):1025-36. doi: 10.1042/CS20150143. Epub 2015 Aug 11.
• Background Love KM, Jahn LA, Hartline LM, Patrie JT, Barrett EJ, Liu Z. Insulin-mediated muscle microvascular perfusion and its phenotypic predictors in humans. Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 1;11(1):11433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90935-8.
• Background Ceriello A, Novials A, Ortega E, Canivell S, La Sala L, Pujadas G, Bucciarelli L, Rondinelli M, Genovese S. Vitamin C further improves the protective effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on acute hypoglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013 Dec;36(12):4104-8. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0750. Epub 2013 Oct 15.
• Background Ceriello A, Novials A, Ortega E, Canivell S, La Sala L, Pujadas G, Esposito K, Giugliano D, Genovese S. Glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013 Aug;36(8):2346-50. doi: 10.2337/dc12-2469. Epub 2013 Apr 5.
• Background Papachristoforou E, Lambadiari V, Maratou E, Makrilakis K. Association of Glycemic Indices (Hyperglycemia, Glucose Variability, and Hypoglycemia) with Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications. J Diabetes Res. 2020 Oct 12;2020:7489795. doi: 10.1155/2020/7489795. eCollection 2020.
• Background Liu HY, Cao SY, Hong T, Han J, Liu Z, Cao W. Insulin is a stronger inducer of insulin resistance than hyperglycemia in mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 2;284(40):27090-100. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.016675. Epub 2009 Aug 4.
• Background Wang N, Tan AWK, Jahn LA, Hartline L, Patrie JT, Lin S, Barrett EJ, Aylor KW, Liu Z. Vasodilatory Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Are Preserved in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Microvasculature but Not in Conduit Artery in Obese Humans With Vascular Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Care. 2020 Mar;43(3):634-642. doi: 10.2337/dc19-1465. Epub 2019 Dec 30.
• Background Batchuluun B, Inoguchi T, Sonoda N, Sasaki S, Inoue T, Fujimura Y, Miura D, Takayanagi R. Metformin and liraglutide ameliorate high glucose-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of PKC-NAD(P)H oxidase pathway in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2014 Jan;232(1):156-64. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.025. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
• Background Subaran SC, Sauder MA, Chai W, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Aylor KW, Basu A, Liu Z. GLP-1 at physiological concentrations recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in healthy humans. Clin Sci (Lond). 2014 Aug;127(3):163-70. doi: 10.1042/CS20130708.
• Background Lepore JJ, Olson E, Demopoulos L, Haws T, Fang Z, Barbour AM, Fossler M, Davila-Roman VG, Russell SD, Gropler RJ. Effects of the Novel Long-Acting GLP-1 Agonist, Albiglutide, on Cardiac Function, Cardiac Metabolism, and Exercise Capacity in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2016 Jul;4(7):559-566. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.01.008. Epub 2016 Mar 30.
• Background Basu A, Charkoudian N, Schrage W, Rizza RA, Basu R, Joyner MJ. Beneficial effects of GLP-1 on endothelial function in humans: dampening by glyburide but not by glimepiride. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;293(5):E1289-95. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00373.2007. Epub 2007 Aug 21.
• Background Chai W, Fu Z, Aylor KW, Barrett EJ, Liu Z. Liraglutide prevents microvascular insulin resistance and preserves muscle capillary density in high-fat diet-fed rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Sep 1;311(3):E640-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00205.2016. Epub 2016 Jul 19.
• Background Lambadiari V, Pavlidis G, Kousathana F, Varoudi M, Vlastos D, Maratou E, Georgiou D, Andreadou I, Parissis J, Triantafyllidi H, Lekakis J, Iliodromitis E, Dimitriadis G, Ikonomidis I. Effects of 6-month treatment with the glucagon like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide on arterial stiffness, left ventricular myocardial deformation and oxidative stress in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 Jan 8;17(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12933-017-0646-z.
• Background Irace C, De Luca S, Shehaj E, Carallo C, Loprete A, Scavelli F, Gnasso A. Exenatide improves endothelial function assessed by flow mediated dilation technique in subjects with type 2 diabetes: results from an observational research. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2013 Jan;10(1):72-7. doi: 10.1177/1479164112449562. Epub 2012 Jun 25.
• Background Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, Steinberg WM, Stockner M, Zinman B, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 28;375(4):311-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827. Epub 2016 Jun 13.
• Background Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, Woo V, Hansen O, Holst AG, Pettersson J, Vilsboll T; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
• Background Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, D'Agostino RB Sr, Granger CB, Jones NP, Leiter LA, Rosenberg AE, Sigmon KN, Somerville MC, Thorpe KM, McMurray JJV, Del Prato S; Harmony Outcomes committees and investigators. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Oct 27;392(10157):1519-1529. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32261-X. Epub 2018 Oct 2.
• Background Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Riesmeyer JS, Riddle MC, Ryden L, Xavier D, Atisso CM, Dyal L, Hall S, Rao-Melacini P, Wong G, Avezum A, Basile J, Chung N, Conget I, Cushman WC, Franek E, Hancu N, Hanefeld M, Holt S, Jansky P, Keltai M, Lanas F, Leiter LA, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Cardona Munoz EG, Pirags V, Pogosova N, Raubenheimer PJ, Shaw JE, Sheu WH, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T; REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Jul 13;394(10193):121-130. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3. Epub 2019 Jun 9.
• Background Gutniak M, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Ahren B, Efendic S. Antidiabetogenic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36)amide in normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1992 May 14;326(20):1316-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199205143262003.
• Background Boff W, da Silva AM, Farinha JB, Rodrigues-Krause J, Reischak-Oliveira A, Tschiedel B, Punales M, Bertoluci MC. Superior Effects of High-Intensity Interval vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Endothelial Function and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol. 2019 Apr 24;10:450. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00450. eCollection 2019.
• Background Farinha JB, Ramis TR, Vieira AF, Macedo RCO, Rodrigues-Krause J, Boeno FP, Schroeder HT, Muller CH, Boff W, Krause M, De Bittencourt PIH Jr, Reischak-Oliveira A. Glycemic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to different high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. J Diabetes Complications. 2018 Dec;32(12):1124-1132. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.09.008. Epub 2018 Sep 19.
• Background Tielemans SM, Soedamah-Muthu SS, De Neve M, Toeller M, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, Stamatakis E. Association of physical activity with all-cause mortality and incident and prevalent cardiovascular disease among patients with type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia. 2013 Jan;56(1):82-91. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2743-6. Epub 2012 Oct 10.
• Background Tikkanen-Dolenc H, Waden J, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Thorn LM, Saraheimo M, Elonen N, Tikkanen HO, Groop PH; FinnDiane Study Group. Physical Activity Reduces Risk of Premature Mortality in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes With and Without Kidney Disease. Diabetes Care. 2017 Dec;40(12):1727-1732. doi: 10.2337/dc17-0615. Epub 2017 Oct 16.
• Background Komatsu WR, Gabbay MA, Castro ML, Saraiva GL, Chacra AR, de Barros Neto TL, Dib SA. Aerobic exercise capacity in normal adolescents and those with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2005 Sep;6(3):145-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-543X.2005.00120.x.
• Background Lespagnol E, Tagougui S, Fernandez BO, Zerimech F, Matran R, Maboudou P, Berthoin S, Descat A, Kim I, Pawlak-Chaouch M, Boissiere J, Boulanger E, Feelisch M, Fontaine P, Heyman E. Circulating biomarkers of nitric oxide bioactivity and impaired muscle vasoreactivity to exercise in adults with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2021 Feb;64(2):325-338. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05329-8. Epub 2020 Nov 21.
• Background Turinese I, Marinelli P, Bonini M, Rossetti M, Statuto G, Filardi T, Paris A, Lenzi A, Morano S, Palange P. "Metabolic and cardiovascular response to exercise in patients with type 1 diabetes". J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Sep;40(9):999-1005. doi: 10.1007/s40618-017-0670-6. Epub 2017 Apr 6.
• Background Eckstein ML, Farinha JB, McCarthy O, West DJ, Yardley JE, Bally L, Zueger T, Stettler C, Boff W, Reischak-Oliveira A, Riddell MC, Zaharieva DP, Pieber TR, Muller A, Birnbaumer P, Aziz F, Brugnara L, Haahr H, Zijlstra E, Heise T, Sourij H, Roden M, Hofmann P, Bracken RM, Pesta D, Moser O. Differences in Physiological Responses to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jan;44(1):240-247. doi: 10.2337/dc20-1496. Epub 2020 Nov 12.
• Background Gallwitz B, Dagogo-Jack S, Thieu V, Garcia-Perez LE, Pavo I, Yu M, Robertson KE, Zhang N, Giorgino F. Effect of once-weekly dulaglutide on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose in patient subpopulations by gender, duration of diabetes and baseline HbA1c. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Feb;20(2):409-418. doi: 10.1111/dom.13086. Epub 2017 Oct 5.
• Background Nauck M, Weinstock RS, Umpierrez GE, Guerci B, Skrivanek Z, Milicevic Z. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide versus sitagliptin after 52 weeks in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-5). Diabetes Care. 2014 Aug;37(8):2149-58. doi: 10.2337/dc13-2761. Epub 2014 Apr 17.
• Background Tam CS, Xie W, Johnson WD, Cefalu WT, Redman LM, Ravussin E. Defining insulin resistance from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jul;35(7):1605-10. doi: 10.2337/dc11-2339. Epub 2012 Apr 17.
• Background Wei K, Jayaweera AR, Firoozan S, Linka A, Skyba DM, Kaul S. Quantification of myocardial blood flow with ultrasound-induced destruction of microbubbles administered as a constant venous infusion. Circulation. 1998 Feb 10;97(5):473-83. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.5.473.
• Background Vincent MA, Clerk LH, Lindner JR, Klibanov AL, Clark MG, Rattigan S, Barrett EJ. Microvascular recruitment is an early insulin effect that regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake in vivo. Diabetes. 2004 Jun;53(6):1418-23. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1418.
• Background Clerk LH, Vincent MA, Jahn LA, Liu Z, Lindner JR, Barrett EJ. Obesity blunts insulin-mediated microvascular recruitment in human forearm muscle. Diabetes. 2006 May;55(5):1436-42. doi: 10.2337/db05-1373.
• Background Chan A, Barrett EJ, Anderson SM, Kovatchev BP, Breton MD. Muscle microvascular recruitment predicts insulin sensitivity in middle-aged patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2012 Mar;55(3):729-36. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2402-3. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
• Background Thijssen DH, Black MA, Pyke KE, Padilla J, Atkinson G, Harris RA, Parker B, Widlansky ME, Tschakovsky ME, Green DJ. Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Jan;300(1):H2-12. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00471.2010. Epub 2010 Oct 15.
• Background Tougaard NH, Theilade S, Winther SA, Tofte N, Ahluwalia TS, Hansen TW, Rossing P, Frimodt-Moller M. Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity as a Risk Marker for Development of Complications in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Oct 20;9(19):e017165. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017165. Epub 2020 Sep 21.
• Background Crisci I, Aragona M, Politi KS, Daniele G, Del Prato S. GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes: a proof-of-concept approach. Acta Diabetol. 2015 Dec;52(6):1129-33. doi: 10.1007/s00592-015-0800-6. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
• Background Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU, Woo V, Colman P, Christiansen E, Linder M, Bode B; ADJUNCT ONE Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Added to Insulin Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes: The ADJUNCT ONE Treat-To-Target Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):1702-10. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0691. Epub 2016 Aug 9.
• Background Ahren B, Hirsch IB, Pieber TR, Mathieu C, Gomez-Peralta F, Hansen TK, Philotheou A, Birch S, Christiansen E, Jensen TJ, Buse JB; ADJUNCT TWO Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Added to Capped Insulin Treatment in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes: The ADJUNCT TWO Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):1693-701. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0690. Epub 2016 Aug 4.
• Background Scott SN, Cocks M, Andrews RC, Narendran P, Purewal TS, Cuthbertson DJ, Wagenmakers AJM, Shepherd SO. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Aerobic Capacity Without a Detrimental Decline in Blood Glucose in People With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Feb 1;104(2):604-612. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01309.
• Background Riddell MC, Li Z, Beck RW, Gal RL, Jacobs PG, Castle JR, Gillingham MB, Clements M, Patton SR, Dassau E, Doyle Iii FJ, Martin CK, Calhoun P, Rickels MR. More Time in Glucose Range During Exercise Days than Sedentary Days in Adults Living with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2021 May;23(5):376-383. doi: 10.1089/dia.2020.0495.
• Background Kennedy A, Narendran P, Andrews RC, Daley A, Greenfield SM; EXTOD Group. Attitudes and barriers to exercise in adults with a recent diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: a qualitative study of participants in the Exercise for Type 1 Diabetes (EXTOD) study. BMJ Open. 2018 Jan 24;8(1):e017813. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017813.
• Background Heiston EM, Liu Z, Ballantyne A, Kranz S, Malin SK. A single bout of exercise improves vascular insulin sensitivity in adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021 Sep;29(9):1487-1496. doi: 10.1002/oby.23229. Epub 2021 Aug 2.
• Background Romeres D, Olson K, Carter R, Cobelli C, Dalla Man C, Basu A, Basu R. Hyperglycemia But Not Hyperinsulinemia Is Favorable for Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. Diabetes Care. 2020 Sep;43(9):2176-2182. doi: 10.2337/dc20-0611. Epub 2020 Jul 13.
• Background Bally L, Zueger T, Buehler T, Dokumaci AS, Speck C, Pasi N, Ciller C, Paganini D, Feller K, Loher H, Rosset R, Wilhelm M, Tappy L, Boesch C, Stettler C. Metabolic and hormonal response to intermittent high-intensity and continuous moderate intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2016 Apr;59(4):776-84. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3854-7. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
• Background Ceriello A, La Sala L, De Nigris V, Pujadas G, Rondinelli M, Genovese S. GLP-1 reduces metalloproteinase-9 induced by both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. The possible role of oxidative stress. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015 Jun 4;11:901-3. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S83322. eCollection 2015. No abstract available.
• Background Colombo PC, Ashton AW, Celaj S, Talreja A, Banchs JE, Dubois NB, Marinaccio M, Malla S, Lachmann J, Ware JA, Le Jemtel TH. Biopsy coupled to quantitative immunofluorescence: a new method to study the human vascular endothelium. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Mar;92(3):1331-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00680.2001.
• Background Silver AE, Christou DD, Donato AJ, Beske SD, Moreau KL, Magerko KA, Seals DR. Protein expression in vascular endothelial cells obtained from human peripheral arteries and veins. J Vasc Res. 2010;47(1):1-8. doi: 10.1159/000231715. Epub 2009 Aug 6.

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