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Drugs / IL-2
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IL-2

English name Interleukin-2
also known as interleukin-2 · Proleukin · aldesleukin · HD IL2 · hIL-2 · Human recombinant IL-2 = Aldesleukin (Novartis) · human recombinant interleukin 2 · IL-2LD · +6 more

Protein / enzyme biologic

Developed for
metastatic melanoma · melanoma · renal cell carcinoma · Hodgkins lymphoma · acute myeloid leukemia · kidney cancer · metastatic neoplasm · myelodysplastic syndrome
+40 more · non-small cell lung carcinoma · amyotrophic lateral sclerosis · B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia · chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma · chronic myeloid leukemia · graft versus host disease · HIV infectious disease · non-Hodgkin lymphoma · plasma cell myeloma · rectal cancer · type 1 diabetes mellitus · abdominal wall malformation · AIDS · alopecia areata · Behcet disease · breast carcinoma · clear cell renal carcinoma · colorectal cancer · craniofacial and skeletal defects · cutaneous melanoma · cytomegalovirus infection · disease related to hematopoietic stem cell transplant · disease related to solid organ transplantation · esophageal cancer · Ewing sarcoma · gastric cancer · head and neck squamous cell carcinoma · hepatocellular carcinoma · immunoglobulin A vasculitis · kidney neoplasm · metastatic malignant neoplasm · metastatic malignant neoplasm in the colon · nasopharyngeal carcinoma · pregnancy loss, recurrent, 4 · prostate cancer · refractory malignant neoplasm · rhabdomyosarcoma · systemic lupus erythematosus · cervical cancer · neuroblastoma
Investigated by
National Cancer Institute (NCI) · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University · Baylor College of Medicine · Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine
+56 more · Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center · EpiCept Corporation · Nantes University Hospital · The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University · The First Hospital of Jilin University · The Methodist Hospital Research Institute · University of Chicago · Abdullah Kars · Alaunos Therapeutics · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · Aventis Pharmaceuticals · BioNTech US Inc. · Brigham and Women's Hospital · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice · Chiron Corporation · Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain · Cytovia, Inc. · David Wald · Fate Therapeutics · French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis · Fujian Cancer Hospital · Gregory Daniels · Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies · H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute · Hackensack Meridian Health · Hadassah Medical Organization · HeJing · Iltoo Pharma · Immune Tolerance Network (ITN) · Intrexon Corporation · Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. · Italian Trial in Medical Oncology · Kidney Cancer Research Bureau · King's College Hospital NHS Trust · King's College London · Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research · Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota · Mayo Clinic · Megan Daly, MD · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · National University Hospital, Singapore · NeogenTC · Novartis · Nîmes University Hospital · PACT Pharma, Inc. · Peking University People's Hospital · Peking University Third Hospital · Prometheus Laboratories · Sanofi · Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University · The First People's Hospital of Changzhou · University of California, Davis · University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · University of Washington · University of Wisconsin, Madison

Trials 66 · started per year

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PhaseRegistry idDatesIndicationSponsorStatusOutcome
Phase 02 trials
Phase 0 NCT03241719 Oct 2017 → Jul 2021 abdominal wall malformation, craniofacial and skeletal defects Brigham and Women's Hospital Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 0 NCT03224871 Aug 2017 → Jan 2020 non-small cell lung carcinoma University of California, Davis Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 117 trials
Phase 1 NCT07610213 Jan 2027 → Dec 2029 expected type 1 diabetes mellitus Abdullah Kars Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT06107894 Jan 2024 → Sep 2025 breast cancer, lung cancer NeogenTC Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT05400122 Sep 2022 → Dec 2026 Hodgkins lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia +5 David Wald Suspended No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT04629729 Jul 2021 → Jun 2025 overdue B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia Fate Therapeutics Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT04625205 Dec 2020 → Mar 2025 metastatic melanoma BioNTech US Inc. Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 1 NCT04155710 Feb 2020 → Nov 2024 chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT03970382 Jul 2019 → Aug 2022 cancer PACT Pharma, Inc. Suspended No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 1 NCT03862833 May 2019 → Aug 2023 disease related to hematopoietic stem cell transplant Nantes University Hospital Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT01603212 Jul 2013 → Jul 2017 melanoma M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00968760 Jun 2011 → Apr 2020 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/28 trials
Phase 1/2 NCT06394791 May → Dec 2024 colorectal cancer The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT03970954 Jan 2021 → Jul 2023 pregnancy loss, recurrent, 4 Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT04225780 Feb → Dec 2020 cytomegalovirus infection Peking University People's Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT03474497 May 2019 → Apr 2025 overdue head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma Megan Daly, MD Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01453140 Aug 2011 → Mar 2012 graft versus host disease Hackensack Meridian Health Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01324960 Mar 2011 → Dec 2014 myelodysplastic syndrome Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies Withdrawn No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01191034 Aug 2010 → Aug 2012 metastatic melanoma Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00283829 Sep 2002 → Jul 2006 prostate cancer University of Washington Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 233 trials · 2 met primary · 1 missed
Phase 2 NCT06577194 Oct 2024 → Aug 2026 overdue rectal cancer The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05603013 Oct 2022 → Jan 2024 breast carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05530200 Sep 2022 → Dec 2024 metastatic neoplasm Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04065672 Oct 2021 → Apr 2023 Behcet disease HeJing Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04892498 May 2021 → Aug 2023 refractory malignant neoplasm Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04770207 Nov 2020 → Nov 2029 expected hepatocellular carcinoma Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04952155 Jan 2020 → Dec 2021 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Peking University Third Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT03991130 May 2019 → Jan 2025 metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma Gregory Daniels Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 2 NCT03222089 Jul 2017 → Jul 2019 metastatic malignant neoplasm in the colon Fujian Cancer Hospital Withdrawn No outcome recorded Stop: Enrollment
Phase 2 NCT03039673 Jun 2017 → Jul 2021 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Nîmes University Hospital Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 32 trials
Phase 3 NCT02557074 Dec 2015 → Feb 2019 alopecia areata Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT00200577 May 2005 → Mar 2012 melanoma Nantes University Hospital Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 42 trials · 1 missed
Phase 4 NCT02949492 Dec 2017 → Jan 2019 disease related to solid organ transplantation, liver disorder King's College London Terminated Missed primary
Phase 4 NCT01347996 Jul 2009 → Jun 2014 acute myeloid leukemia Cytovia, Inc. Completed No outcome recorded
Phase not applicable2 trials
— NCT04397107 Aug 2020 → May 2022 systemic lupus erythematosus The First Hospital of Jilin University Completed No outcome recorded
— NCT04387942 Jun 2020 → May 2022 immunoglobulin A vasculitis The First Hospital of Jilin University Completed No outcome recorded
Comparator or background therapy70 trials
Phase 0 NCT07700121 Background Oct 2026 → Oct 2028 expected metastatic melanoma Abramson Cancer Center at Penn Medicine Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT05831033 Background May 2023 → Feb 2027 expected cancer Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT05649618 Background Dec 2022 → Mar 2024 cancer Fujian Cancer Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT05648994 Background Dec 2022 → Feb 2024 cancer Fujian Cancer Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT07366658 Background Feb → Oct 2026 expected small cell lung carcinoma Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Recruiting No outcome recorded

Press releases naming this drug 12 releases

DateIssuerRelease
2025-05-10 Iltoo Pharma ILTOO Pharma Announces Publication of Phase IIb Trial Results in the Lancet Demonstrating Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose IL-2 in ALS iltoopharma.com ↗
2024-09-02 Iltoo Pharma ILTOO Pharma to attend “The Promise of Interleukin-2 Therapy” meeting iltoopharma.com ↗
2023-05-12 Genethon ILTOO Pharma and the MIROCALS Consortium announce the signing of Licence Agreement for the development of low dose interleukin-2 genethon.com ↗
2023-05-09 Iltoo Pharma ILTOO Pharma and the MIROCALS Consortium announce the signing of Licence Agreement for the development of low dose interleukin-2 as a potential treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis iltoopharma.com ↗
2022-12-06 Iltoo Pharma ILTOO Pharma announces the results of a Phase IIb trial for ALS using Low-Dose IL-2 iltoopharma.com ↗
2022-09-01 Iltoo Pharma ILTOO PHARMA TO SPONSOR THE SYMPOSIUM “THE PROMISE OF INTERLEUKIN-2” iltoopharma.com ↗
2021-11-16 Mateon Therapeutics Oncotelic Announces Successful Completion of the Safety Evaluation of a TGF-β Inhibitor (OT-101) and IL-2 (Aldesleukin) in Phase 1 Combination Trial in Solid Tumor Cancers oncotelic.com ↗
2021-06-01 Iltoo Pharma ILTOO Pharma to attend “The Promise of Interleukin-2” webinar iltoopharma.com ↗
2021-04-19 Mateon Therapeutics ONCOTELIC THERAPEUTICS, INC. ANNOUNCED SYNERGY BETWEEN OT-101 AND IL-2 (PROLEUKIN) AT AACR-2021 oncotelic.com ↗
2021-04-09 Sanofi Interim late-breaking clinical data validate not-alpha profile of THOR-707 (SAR444245), Sanofi’s novel investigational IL-2 sanofi.com ↗
2021-03-16 Selecxine Crystal structure of human interleukin-2 in complex with TCB2, a new antibody-drug candidate with antitumor activity selecxine.com ↗
2019-11-19 Selecxine TCB2, a new anti-human interleukin-2 antibody, facilitates heterodimeric IL-2 receptor signaling and improves anti-tumor immunity selecxine.com ↗

Evidence & citations 17 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 140 sources stand behind the page.

FieldValueCited text
Known as IL 2 “We propose a dose finding study of escalating low doses of IL 2 (subcutaneous), since no prior study has specifically evaluated the use of low dose IL-2 as a cytokine adjuvant...” NCT00203866 ↗
138

“These cells kill tumor cells in a non-MHC restricted manner, do not induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and can be generated by stimulation with zoledronic acid (ZA) in...” PMID 38165016 ↗ Jan 2024

“Following this regimen, patients will receive an intravenous adoptive transfer of at least 10E9 tumor-reactive lymphocytes followed by high dose IL-2 (720,000 IU/kg/dose IV...” NCT00604136 ↗

“Intravenous infusion of NEUKIO203-13 d1,d4,d7 and IL-2 6 mIU d1,d4,d7 and d10 was administered following lymphodepletion with cyclophosphamide combined with fludarabine.” NCT07366658 ↗

“Optional cytokine support (e.g., low-dose IL-2) may be used per protocol to support NK persistence, consistent with approaches used in some CAR-NK studies.” NCT07410494 ↗

“Insulin antigen injected directly into inguinal lymph node; 3 injections at monthly intervals (Months 2-4) combined with low-dose IL-2” NCT07610213 ↗

“DC activated CIK combined with IL-2 were injected intratumorally via an Ommaya reservoir every week for a total of two vaccinations.” NCT01235845 ↗

“After TIL infusion, IL-2 (optional) will be started as a bolus administration every eight hours, for a maximum of fourteen doses.” NCT04643574 ↗

“Subjects will receive a single infusion of autologous bulk TIL 1383I TCR transduced T cells supported with low dose IL-2.” NCT01586403 ↗

“Drug: IL-2 After 18-24 hours of infusion of YK0901 cells, the patients will be given a small dose of IL-2 subcutaneously” NCT05933668 ↗

“Eighteen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with ATRA followed by s.c. interleukin 2 (IL-2).” PMID 16982775 ↗ Sep 2006

Show 128 more sources
Known as aldesleukin “The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of short cycles of recombinant interleukin-2 (also known as rIL-2 or aldesleukin) given with or without anti-HIV drugs in...” NCT00110812 ↗
1

“human recombinant IL-2 (aldesleukin; Novartis)” NCT01324960 ↗
Known as HD IL2 “To assess the combination of high dose interleukin 2 (HD IL2) and nivolumab in patients with checkpoint inhibitor-refractory melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we...” PMID 42070986 ↗ Apr 2026
Known as hIL-2 “subcutaneous (SC) injections of autologous leukemic cells modified ex vivo to secrete human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) and to express human CD40 ligand (hCD40L).” NCT00224354 ↗
Known as Human recombinant IL-2 = Aldesleukin (Novartis) “Human recombinant IL-2 = Aldesleukin® (Novartis)” NCT01324960 ↗
Known as human recombinant interleukin 2 “supplemental human recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2)” NCT05336409 ↗
Known as IL-2LD “The MIROCALS study tested the hypothesis that low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2LD) improves survival and function in ALS.” PMID 40354799 ↗ May 2025
Known as interleukin-2 “These cells kill tumor cells in a non-MHC restricted manner, do not induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and can be generated by stimulation with zoledronic acid (ZA) in...” PMID 38165016 ↗ Jan 2024
20

“The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of short cycles of recombinant interleukin-2 (also known as rIL-2 or aldesleukin) given with or without anti-HIV drugs in...” NCT00110812 ↗

“Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a critical role in immune regulation, promoting T-cell growth and differentiation and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK)...” NCT06577194 ↗

“Interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment, a type of immunotherapy, uses the body's immune system to slow or stop the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.” NCT00352885 ↗

“Study Comparing Association Between Sorafenib and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Versus Sorafenib in 1st Line Therapy in Advanced (Adv) Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)” NCT00609401 ↗

“Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a standard treatment for cancer, which means that it can be received even if one chooses not to participate in this study.” NCT00325507 ↗

“an infusion of NK cells, supported by interleukin 2 (IL-2) or IL-15, could decrease virus-producing cells in the lymphatic tissues.” PMID 38207119 ↗ May 2024

“Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a promising candidate drug, synergizing with PD-1 blockade to exert anti-cancer effects.” NCT06394791 ↗

“Administration of up to six doses of intravenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) following lifileucel (AMTAGVI) infusion.” NCT07700121 ↗

“Interleukin-2, abbreviated as IL2, is a naturally produced growth hormone for the immune cells in our body.” NCT00283829 ↗

“granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon alpha (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2)” NCT01176552 ↗

Show 10 more sources
Known as Interleukin-2 (IL-2) “Interleukin-2 (IL-2)” NCT02863913 ↗
Known as interleukine-2 “Phase I study of zoledronic acid combined with escalated doses of interleukine-2 for early in vivo generation of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells after haploidentical stem cell transplant with...” PMID 38165016 ↗ Jan 2024
Known as Ld-IL-2 “Efficacy and Safety of Low-dose IL-2 (Ld-IL-2) as a Treg Enhancer” NCT03039673 ↗
Known as low-dose IL-2 “Efficacy and safety of low-dose IL-2 as an add-on therapy to riluzole” PMID 40354799 ↗ May 2025
Known as Proleukin “The TIL injections are systematically followed by subcutaneous injections of Proleukin® (IL-2) at a concentration of 6 million international unit (IU) per day for 5 days.” NCT03374839 ↗
2

“HD IL-2 (brand name Proleukin), 600,000 U/kg q8h X 14 dose, IV infusion” NCT01896271 ↗

“Drug: IL-2 (Proleukin)” NCT04389229 ↗
Known as recombinant interleukin-2 “The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of short cycles of recombinant interleukin-2 (also known as rIL-2 or aldesleukin) given with or without anti-HIV drugs in...” NCT00110812 ↗
Known as rIL-2 “The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of short cycles of recombinant interleukin-2 (also known as rIL-2 or aldesleukin) given with or without anti-HIV drugs in...” NCT00110812 ↗
Modality Protein / enzyme biologic “Recombinant human IL-2 is administered within 4 hours of the peptide pulsed vaccine by continuous intravenous infusion for 4 days per week for 3 successive weeks.” NCT00001564 ↗
Route Intravenous “IL-2 alone by continuous IV infusion for 5 days every 8 weeks” NCT00001475 ↗