The CRISIS Prevention Study

Summary

Despite strict hand washing, sterile technique, and antibiotic-coated catheters, nosocomial infection and sepsis remain the leading acquired causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children. Subsequent use of antibiotics to treat nosocomial infection and sepsis is considered a major attributable factor in the rise of antibiotic-resistant organisms in this population of children. This study will use a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial design to test the hypothesis that daily prophylaxis with metoclopramide, zinc, selenium and glutamine will reduce nosocomial infection and sepsis in critically ill children.

Timeline

Start

2007-04

Primary completion

2009-11

Completion

2009-11

Publications

• Background Watson RS, Carcillo JA, Linde-Zwirble WT, Clermont G, Lidicker J, Angus DC. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in children in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar 1;167(5):695-701. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200207-682OC. Epub 2002 Nov 14.
• Background Brown RB, Stechenberg B, Sands M, Hosmer D, Ryczak M. Infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. Am J Dis Child. 1987 Mar;141(3):267-70. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460030045021.
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• Background Donowitz LG. High risk of nosocomial infection in the pediatric critical care patient. Crit Care Med. 1986 Jan;14(1):26-8. doi: 10.1097/00003246-198601000-00006.
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• Background Menges T, Engel J, Welters I, Wagner RM, Little S, Ruwoldt R, Wollbrueck M, Hempelmann G. Changes in blood lymphocyte populations after multiple trauma: association with posttraumatic complications. Crit Care Med. 1999 Apr;27(4):733-40. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199904000-00026.
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• Background Buckley AR, Buckley DJ. Prolactin regulation of apoptosis-associated gene expression in T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:522-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05417.x.
• Background Krishnan N, Thellin O, Buckley DJ, Horseman ND, Buckley AR. Prolactin suppresses glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis in vivo. Endocrinology. 2003 May;144(5):2102-10. doi: 10.1210/en.2003-0053.
• Background Leff MA, Buckley DJ, Krumenacker JS, Reed JC, Miyashita T, Buckley AR. Rapid modulation of the apoptosis regulatory genes, bcl-2 and bax by prolactin in rat Nb2 lymphoma cells. Endocrinology. 1996 Dec;137(12):5456-62. doi: 10.1210/endo.137.12.8940371.
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• Background Buckley AR. Prolactin, a lymphocyte growth and survival factor. Lupus. 2001;10(10):684-90. doi: 10.1191/096120301717164912.
• Background Chikanza IC. Prolactin and neuroimmunomodulation: in vitro and in vivo observations. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 22;876:119-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07629.x.
• Background Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status. J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5S Suppl):1399S-406S. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1399S.
• Background Newsholme P, Curi R, Pithon Curi TC, Murphy CJ, Garcia C, Pires de Melo M. Glutamine metabolism by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils: its importance in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 1999 Jun;10(6):316-24. doi: 10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00022-4.
• Background King LE, Osati-Ashtiani F, Fraker PJ. Apoptosis plays a distinct role in the loss of precursor lymphocytes during zinc deficiency in mice. J Nutr. 2002 May;132(5):974-9. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.5.974.
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• Background Szondy Z. The effects of cell number, concentrations of mitogen and glutamine and time of culture on [3H]thymidine incorporation into cervical lymph node lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin-A. Immunol Lett. 1995 Mar;45(3):167-71. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)00256-q.
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• Background Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine suppresses pituitary function in infants and children. Crit Care Med. 1994 Nov;22(11):1747-53.
• Background Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F. Anterior pituitary function during critical illness and dopamine treatment. Crit Care Med. 1996 Sep;24(9):1580-90. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199609000-00024.
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• Background Parra A, Ramirez-Peredo J, Larrea F, Cabrera V, Coutino B, Torres I, Angeles A, Perez-Romano B, Ruiz-Arguelles G, Ruiz-Arguelles A. Decreased dopaminergic tone and increased basal bioactive prolactin in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Jun;54(6):731-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01262.x.
• Background Parra A, Ramirez-Peredo J. The uncoupled couple? Prolactin and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV infection. Med Hypotheses. 1999 Nov;53(5):425-8. doi: 10.1054/mehy.1999.0930.
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• Background LL Brunton. Agents affecting gastrointestinal water flux and motility. In Limbird LE Hardman JG, editor, Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, pages 931-933. McGraw-Hill, New York, 9th edition, 1996.
• Background F Shann, editor. Drug Doses. Collective Pty Ltd., Melbourne, 12th edition, 2003.
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• Background Anonymous. Immunization in special clinical circumstances. In LK Pickering, editor, 2000 Redbook: Report of the Committee of Infectious Diseases, page 59. Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL, 25th edition, 2000.
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• Background Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KW, Swanson PE, Schmieg RE Jr, Hui JJ, Chang KC, Osborne DF, Freeman BD, Cobb JP, Buchman TG, Karl IE. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans. J Immunol. 2001 Jun 1;166(11):6952-63. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6952.
• Background Gurevich P, Ben-Hur H, Czernobilsky B, Nyska A, Zuckerman A, Zusman I. Pathology of lymphoid organs in low birth weight infants subjected to antigen-related diseases: a morphological and morphometric study. Pathology. 1995 Apr;27(2):121-6. doi: 10.1080/00313029500169702.
• Background Hotchkiss RS, Chang KC, Swanson PE, Tinsley KW, Hui JJ, Klender P, Xanthoudakis S, Roy S, Black C, Grimm E, Aspiotis R, Han Y, Nicholson DW, Karl IE. Caspase inhibitors improve survival in sepsis: a critical role of the lymphocyte. Nat Immunol. 2000 Dec;1(6):496-501. doi: 10.1038/82741.
• Background Zellweger R, Wichmann MW, Ayala A, Chaudry IH. Metoclopramide: a novel and safe immunomodulating agent for restoring the depressed macrophage immune function after hemorrhage. J Trauma. 1998 Jan;44(1):70-7. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199801000-00006.
• Background Zellweger R, Zhu XH, Wichmann MW, Ayala A, DeMaso CM, Chaudry IH. Prolactin administration following hemorrhagic shock improves macrophage cytokine release capacity and decreases mortality from subsequent sepsis. J Immunol. 1996 Dec 15;157(12):5748-54.
• Background Knoferl MW, Angele MK, Ayala A, Cioffi WG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Insight into the mechanism by which metoclopramide improves immune functions after trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2000 Jul;279(1):C72-80. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.1.C72.
• Background Felmet KA, Hall MW, Clark RS, Jaffe R, Carcillo JA. Prolonged lymphopenia, lymphoid depletion, and hypoprolactinemia in children with nosocomial sepsis and multiple organ failure. J Immunol. 2005 Mar 15;174(6):3765-72. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3765.
• Background Yavagal DR, Karnad DR, Oak JL. Metoclopramide for preventing pneumonia in critically ill patients receiving enteral tube feeding: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2000 May;28(5):1408-11. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200005000-00025.
• Background Brooks WA, Yunus M, Santosham M, Wahed MA, Nahar K, Yeasmin S, Black RE. Zinc for severe pneumonia in very young children: double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 May 22;363(9422):1683-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16252-1.
• Background Fischer Walker C, Black RE. Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:255-75. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073054.
• Background Baqui AH, Black RE, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Zaman K, Begum N, Roess AA, Santosham M. Zinc therapy for diarrhoea increased the use of oral rehydration therapy and reduced the use of antibiotics in Bangladeshi children. J Health Popul Nutr. 2004 Dec;22(4):440-2.
• Background Raqib R, Roy SK, Rahman MJ, Azim T, Ameer SS, Chisti J, Andersson J. Effect of zinc supplementation on immune and inflammatory responses in pediatric patients with shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):444-50. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.444.
• Background Bhatnagar S, Bahl R, Sharma PK, Kumar GT, Saxena SK, Bhan MK. Zinc with oral rehydration therapy reduces stool output and duration of diarrhea in hospitalized children: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Jan;38(1):34-40. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200401000-00010.
• Background Sazawal S, Black RE, Menon VP, Dinghra P, Caulfield LE, Dhingra U, Bagati A. Zinc supplementation in infants born small for gestational age reduces mortality: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2001 Dec;108(6):1280-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.6.1280.
• Background Darlow BA, Austin NC. Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2003(4):CD003312. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003312.
• Background van den Berg A, van Elburg RM, Westerbeek EA, Twisk JW, Fetter WP. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very-low-birth-weight infants and effects on feeding tolerance and infectious morbidity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;81(6):1397-404. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1397.
• Background Boelens PG, Houdijk AP, Fonk JC, Puyana JC, Haarman HJ, von Blomberg-van der Flier ME, van Leeuwen PA. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition increases in vitro interferon-gamma production but does not influence the in vivo specific antibody response to KLH after severe trauma. A prospective, double blind, randomized clinical study. Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;23(3):391-400. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.09.002.
• Background Yalcin SS, Yurdakok K, Tezcan I, Oner L. Effect of glutamine supplementation on diarrhea, interleukin-8 and secretory immunoglobulin A in children with acute diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 May;38(5):494-501. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200405000-00007.
• Background Leteurtre S, Martinot A, Duhamel A, Gauvin F, Grandbastien B, Nam TV, Proulx F, Lacroix J, Leclerc F. Development of a pediatric multiple organ dysfunction score: use of two strategies. Med Decis Making. 1999 Oct-Dec;19(4):399-410. doi: 10.1177/0272989X9901900408.
• Background Leteurtre S, Martinot A, Duhamel A, Proulx F, Grandbastien B, Cotting J, Gottesman R, Joffe A, Pfenninger J, Hubert P, Lacroix J, Leclerc F. Validation of the paediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD) score: prospective, observational, multicentre study. Lancet. 2003 Jul 19;362(9379):192-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13908-6.
• Background Doughty LA, Kaplan SS, Carcillo JA. Inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide responses in pediatric sepsis and organ failure. Crit Care Med. 1996 Jul;24(7):1137-43. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199607000-00012.
• Background Pollack MM, Patel KM, Ruttimann UE. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality III--Acute Physiology Score (PRISM III-APS): a method of assessing physiologic instability for pediatric intensive care unit patients. J Pediatr. 1997 Oct;131(4):575-81. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70065-9.
• Background Slota M, Green M, Farley A, Janosky J, Carcillo J. The role of gown and glove isolation and strict handwashing in the reduction of nosocomial infection in children with solid organ transplantation. Crit Care Med. 2001 Feb;29(2):405-12. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200102000-00034.
• Background Leclerc F, Leteurtre S, Duhamel A, Grandbastien B, Proulx F, Martinot A, Gauvin F, Hubert P, Lacroix J. Cumulative influence of organ dysfunctions and septic state on mortality of critically ill children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Feb 15;171(4):348-53. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200405-630OC. Epub 2004 Oct 29.
• Background Klein BS, Perloff WH, Maki DG. Reduction of nosocomial infection during pediatric intensive care by protective isolation. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jun 29;320(26):1714-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198906293202603.
• Background Carcillo J, Holubkov R, Dean JM, Berger J, Meert KL, Anand KJ, Zimmerman J, Newth CJ, Harrison R, Willson DF, Nicholson C; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Rationale and design of the pediatric critical illness stress-induced immune suppression (CRISIS) prevention trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009 Jul-Aug;33(4):368-74. doi: 10.1177/0148607108327392. Epub 2009 Apr 14.
• Results Carcillo JA, Dean JM, Holubkov R, Berger J, Meert KL, Anand KJ, Zimmerman J, Newth CJ, Harrison R, Burr J, Willson DF, Nicholson C; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). The randomized comparative pediatric critical illness stress-induced immune suppression (CRISIS) prevention trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;13(2):165-73. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31823896ae.

Drugs

Indications