Ketamine Versus Etomidate for Procedural Sedation for Pediatric Orthopedic Reductions

Summary

There are multiple retrospective studies detailing the use of etomidate in pediatric procedural sedation but few to no prospective clinical trials. None have compared etomidate to ketamine, currently the most commonly used sedative in the emergency department for pediatric procedural sedation. The investigators propose a randomized, controlled trial comparing etomidate versus ketamine for procedural sedation for fracture reduction for children presenting with extremity fracture requiring sedation for reduction. The investigators hypothesize that etomidate in combination with fentanyl will have similar reduction of distress and procedural recall as ketamine in combination with midazolam.

Timeline

Start

2006-08

Primary completion

2008-06

Completion

2008-06

Publications

• Background Bahn EL, Holt KR. Procedural sedation and analgesia: a review and new concepts. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005 May;23(2):503-17. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.12.013.
• Background Kennedy RM, Porter FL, Miller JP, Jaffe DM. Comparison of fentanyl/midazolam with ketamine/midazolam for pediatric orthopedic emergencies. Pediatrics. 1998 Oct;102(4 Pt 1):956-63. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.4.956.
• Background Acworth JP, Purdie D, Clark RC. Intravenous ketamine plus midazolam is superior to intranasal midazolam for emergency paediatric procedural sedation. Emerg Med J. 2001 Jan;18(1):39-45. doi: 10.1136/emj.18.1.39.
• Background Gerardi MJ, Sacchetti AD, Cantor RM, Santamaria JP, Gausche M, Lucid W, Foltin GL. Rapid-sequence intubation of the pediatric patient. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee of the American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Jul;28(1):55-74. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(96)70140-3.
• Background Ruth WJ, Burton JH, Bock AJ. Intravenous etomidate for procedural sedation in emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2001 Jan;8(1):13-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00539.x.
• Background Vinson DR, Bradbury DR. Etomidate for procedural sedation in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2002 Jun;39(6):592-8. doi: 10.1067/mem.2002.123695.
• Background Dickinson R, Singer AJ, Carrion W. Etomidate for pediatric sedation prior to fracture reduction. Acad Emerg Med. 2001 Jan;8(1):74-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00558.x.
• Background Schenarts CL, Burton JH, Riker RR. Adrenocortical dysfunction following etomidate induction in emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2001 Jan;8(1):1-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00537.x.
• Background Godambe SA, Elliot V, Matheny D, Pershad J. Comparison of propofol/fentanyl versus ketamine/midazolam for brief orthopedic procedural sedation in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):116-23. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.1.116.
• Background Scott J, Huskisson EC. Graphic representation of pain. Pain. 1976 Jun;2(2):175-84. No abstract available.
• Background Keim SM, Erstad BL, Sakles JC, Davis V. Etomidate for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May;22(5):586-92. doi: 10.1592/phco.22.8.586.33204.
• Background Mace SE, Barata IA, Cravero JP, Dalsey WC, Godwin SA, Kennedy RM, Malley KC, Moss RL, Sacchetti AD, Warden CR, Wears RL; American College of Emergency Physicians. Clinical policy: evidence-based approach to pharmacologic agents used in pediatric sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Oct;44(4):342-77. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.04.012. No abstract available.
• Background Jay SM, Ozolins M, Elliott C, Caldwell S. Assessment of children's distress during painful medical procedures. J Health Psycho. 1983; 2: 133-147

Drugs

Indications

No indication recorded.