Bacteraemia Secondary to Tooth Extraction: Chlorhexidine Prophylaxis Protocols

Summary

The first time the American Heart Association (AHA) suggested that disinfection of the gingival sulcus be performed as a complement to antibiotic prophylaxis in patients considered to be at risk of Infective endocarditis (IE) was in their protocol for the prevention of IE published in 1977. This practice was included by the AHA and adopted by other expert committees such as the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) in subsequent prophylactic regimens. In 1992, the BSAC specified the presentation and concentration of chlorhexidine (CHX) that should be used before starting the dental procedure: 1% gel at the gingival margin or 0.2% mouthwash for five minutes. In 1997, the AHA recognised the need to use antiseptic mouthwashes (CHX or povidone iodine) prior to dental manipulations, although they recommended against the use of gingival irrigators and against the continuous use of antiseptics in order to avoid the selection of resistant micro-organisms In 2006, the BSAC recommended a single mouthwash with 0.2% CHX gluconate (10 ml for 1 minute) before performing dental procedures associated with bacteraemia in patients at risk of IE. In contrast, in 2007, the AHA recommended against the use of any antiseptic prophylaxis protocol. In 2008, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence of the United Kingdom recently performed a systematic review of the antimicrobial prophylaxis protocols for IE and reported that: "Oral chlorhexidine used as an oral rinse does not significantly reduce the level of bacteraemia following dental procedures". This conclusion was reached after analysis of numerous studies on the efficacy of prophylaxis with CHX for the prevention of post-dental manipulation bacteraemia. However, those studies presented significant methodological differences not only in the dental procedures performed, but also in the concentration of CHX applied and the method of application of the antiseptic solution (mouthwash and/or irrigation), making comparison of the results of the different series difficult. There are few studies that have analysed the efficacy of the mouthwash of 0.2% CHX (the concentration recommended by the BSAC) in the prevention of post-extraction bacteraemia. Only one study analysed the combination of local irrigation and mouthwash with chlorhexidine before dental extraction, but with a really lower concentration of CHX, only 0.02%. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia secondary to a single tooth extraction after prophylaxis with different CHX protocols.

Timeline

Start

2010-12

Primary completion

2012-05

Completion

2012-06

Publications

• Background Tomas I, Alvarez M, Limeres J, Tomas M, Medina J, Otero JL, Diz P. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on the risk of postextraction bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 May;28(5):577-82. doi: 10.1086/516663. Epub 2007 Apr 5.
• Background Tomas I, Alvarez M, Limeres J, Potel C, Medina J, Diz P. Prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia following dental extractions. Oral Dis. 2007 Jan;13(1):56-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01247.x.
• Background Benitez-Paez A, Alvarez M, Belda-Ferre P, Rubido S, Mira A, Tomas I. Detection of transient bacteraemia following dental extractions by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57782. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057782. Epub 2013 Mar 4.
• Background Pineiro A, Tomas I, Blanco J, Alvarez M, Seoane J, Diz P. Bacteraemia following dental implants' placement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010 Sep;21(9):913-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01928.x.
• Barbosa M, Prada-Lopez I, Alvarez M, Amaral B, de los Angeles CD, Tomas I. Post-tooth extraction bacteraemia: a randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of chlorhexidine prophylaxis. PLoS One. 2015 May 8;10(5):e0124249. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124249. eCollection 2015.

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