Azathioprine

also known as AZA · IMURAN · azathioprin · Azamune · Azapress · Azasan · azathioprine (Imuran) · Azathioprine = brand name = Imurel · +15 more

Small molecule targets PPAT via inhibition

Developed for: Crohn disease · ulcerative colitis · inflammatory bowel disease · eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis · IgA glomerulonephritis · microscopic polyangiitis · atopic eczema · autoimmune hepatitis
+55 more
· infertility disorder · polyarteritis nodosa · anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis · antisynthetase syndrome · autoimmune disease · autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura · autoimmune thyroid disease · bullous pemphigoid · cholangitis · cholestasis · chronic kidney disease · cirrhosis of liver · CNS demyelinating autoimmune disease · cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa · cutaneous vasculitis · granulomatosis with polyangiitis · heart failure · immunoglobulin A vasculitis · interstitial lung disease · intestinal obstruction · intrinsic cardiomyopathy · lupus nephritis · myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease · myocarditis · neuromyelitis optica · pemphigus vulgaris · poisoning · psoriasis · pulmonary fibrosis · relapsing polychondritis · rheumatoid arthritis · systemic lupus erythematosus · toxic dermatosis · vasculitis · acute transplant rejection · adult-onset Still disease · alopecia areata · autoimmune thrombocytopenia · Behcet disease · chronic actinic dermatitis · chronic urticaria · conjunctivitis · hand dermatosis · hepatitis · hepatocellular carcinoma · idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis · lupus erythematosus · mucous membrane pemphigoid · myasthenia gravis · nephritis · primary biliary cholangitis · Takayasu arteritis · thrombocytopenia · uveitis · vitiligo
Investigated by: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · Hospices Civils de Lyon · Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives · A. Manzoni Hospital · Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco · Erasmus Medical Center
+109 more
· Grupo Espanol de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Nantes University Hospital · Peking Union Medical College Hospital · Schering-Plough · Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital · Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University · URC-CIC Paris Descartes Necker Cochin · University of Pennsylvania · University of Zurich · ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development · AP-HP - HU BEAUJON · AbbVie · AbbVie · Ain Shams University · Aljazeera Hospital · All India Institute of Medical Sciences · Australasian Gastro Intestinal Research Foundation · Belgian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research and Development (BIRD) VZW · BioMarin/Genzyme LLC · CH COTE BASQUE · CH ROUBAIX · CH TOURCOING · CH VALENCE · CHI CRETEIL · CHI TOULON LA SEYNE · CHRU LILLE · CHRU TOURS · CHU ROUEN - HOPITAL DE BOIS-GUILLAUME · CMC Ambroise Paré, Pierre Cherest, Hartmann · Capital Birth Center · CareDx · Centocor Ortho Biotech Services, L.L.C. · Centocor, Inc. · Central Hospital, Nancy, France · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besancon · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens · Children's Hospital of Fudan University · Chinese PLA General Hospital · Christchurch Hospital · Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH · Dutch Arthritis Association · Dutch Kidney Foundation · Duzce University · Effice Servicios Para la Investigacion S.L. · First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University · French National Institute of Health and Medical Research · French Vasculitis Study Group · Genzyme, a Sanofi Company · Henri Mondor University Hospital · Hoffmann-La Roche · Hopitaux Civils de Colmar · Indiana University · Institutul Clinic Fundeni · InterMune · Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · Istituto Clinico Humanitas · Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research · Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences · Medical University of Warsaw · NYU Langone Health · Nahda University · National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) · Novartis Pharmaceuticals · Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) · Peking University People's Hospital · Poitiers University Hospital · Prof. Arie Levine · Radboud University Medical Center · Reims University Hospital · RenJi Hospital · all 115 on the full record

Regulatory milestones approvals, filings & regulatory actions · 3 recorded

Milestone	Jurisdiction	Brand	Indication	Date	Sentence it was read from
Approved	EU (EMA)	Jayempi	—	2021-06-21	europa.eu ↗
Label expansion	US (FDA)	IMURAN	—	1981-04-13	fda.gov ↗
Approved	US (FDA)	IMURAN	—	1968-03-20	fda.gov ↗

Trials 69 · started per year

today

US approved 1968

EU approved 2021

196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720282029

Phase	Registry id	Dates	Indication	Sponsor	Status	Outcome
Phase 12 trials
Phase 1	NCT00768729	May 2009 → Dec 2012	chronic renal failure syndrome	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT00849368	Jan 2009 → Sep 2011	inflammatory bowel disease	University of Zurich	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1/21 trial
Phase 1/2	NCT00741338	Sep 2008 → Sep 2012	mucopolysaccharidosis type 1	Genzyme, a Sanofi Company	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 27 trials
Phase 2	NCT07138898	Dec 2025 → Jan 2028 expected	rheumatic disorder	NYU Langone Health	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06941376	Aug 2025 → Jul 2027 expected	relapsing polychondritis	University of Pennsylvania	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03498703	Apr 2018 → Jul 2019	infertility disorder	Ain Shams University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03289403	Mar 2018 → Sep 2023	autoimmune thyroid disease, infertility disorder	Aljazeera Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02939573	Jan 2017 → Dec 2028 expected	cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, cutaneous vasculitis, immunoglobulin A vasculitis	University of Pennsylvania	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00626678	Jan → Sep 2008	pemphigus vulgaris	Tehran University of Medical Sciences	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00431119	Oct 1997 → Oct 2000	bullous pemphigoid	University Hospital Muenster	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/31 trial
Phase 2/3	NCT03002038	Sep 2015 → Nov 2016	neuromyelitis optica	Isfahan University of Medical Sciences	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 322 trials
Phase 3	NCT05545384	Apr 2025 → Apr 2027 expected	CNS demyelinating autoimmune disease	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT05349006	Dec 2023 → Dec 2026 expected	myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease	Hospices Civils de Lyon	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT05040464	Aug 2021 → Aug 2026 overdue	Crohn disease	Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT04921033	Mar 2021 → Jan 2026	Crohn disease, overnutrition	Duzce University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03770663	Feb 2021 → Jan 2024	antisynthetase syndrome, interstitial lung disease	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03164473	Mar 2018 → Sep 2024	eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03185611	May 2017 → Jan 2018	Crohn disease	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01877746	Jan 2013 → Sep 2015	intrinsic cardiomyopathy	St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01564823	Jun 2012 → Jan 2015	Crohn disease	Grupo Espanol de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01235689	Feb 2011 → Nov 2016	Crohn disease	AbbVie	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00984568	Nov 2009 → Mar 2012	ulcerative colitis	Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT02779114	Jan 2009 → Dec 2017	rheumatoid arthritis	University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Medical School	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00647166	May 2008 → Mar 2015	microscopic polyangiitis	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00504244	Jul 2007 → Aug 2009	systemic lupus erythematosus	Erasmus Medical Center	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00537316	Jul 2007 → Feb 2010	ulcerative colitis	Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00094458	Mar 2005 → Apr 2008	Crohn disease	Centocor Ortho Biotech Services, L.L.C.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00307645	May 2003 → Aug 2009	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00052039	Apr → Jun 2002	pulmonary fibrosis	InterMune	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00946946	Feb 2002 → May 2007	Crohn disease	Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01392833	Dec 1999 → Nov 2006	IgA glomerulonephritis, chronic kidney disease	A. Manzoni Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00349674	Jan 1999 → ?	granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Hospices Civils de Lyon	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00461825	Jul 1998 → Feb 2007	—	Poitiers University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 426 trials
Phase 4	NCT07352566	Aug 2026 → Jun 2030 expected	atopic eczema, psoriasis	University of California, San Francisco	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT07248644	May → Sep 2026 expected	ulcerative colitis	Grupo Espanol de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04654988	Dec 2022 → Sep 2027 expected	heart failure, myocarditis	Medical University of Warsaw	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05043870	Oct 2022 → Oct 2026 expected	Crohn disease	Children's Hospital of Fudan University	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05207358	Mar 2022 → Dec 2028 expected	lupus nephritis	Institutul Clinic Fundeni	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05060991	Sep 2021 → Dec 2026 expected	COVID-19, immunodeficiency disease	University of California, Davis	Active not recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05861297	May 2020 → Jan 2024	autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura	Nahda University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03468972	Mar 2019 → May 2023	IgA glomerulonephritis	Yonsei University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03580876	Jul 2018 → Jun 2019	—	Védrines, Philippe, M.D.	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03220841	Oct 2017 → Sep 2020	Crohn disease, intestinal obstruction	St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03151525	May 2017 → Oct 2019	ulcerative colitis	Istituto Clinico Humanitas	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04304950	Apr 2016 → Dec 2021	inflammatory bowel disease	Rush University Medical Center	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02177071	Oct 2015 → Jun 2021	Crohn disease	Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02281799	Mar 2015 → Jan 2018	inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis	Shaare Zedek Medical Center	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01802593	Feb 2013 → Dec 2015	Crohn disease	Prof. Arie Levine	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01880307	Jan 2013 → Dec 2014	Crohn disease	Erasmus Medical Center	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00492895	Jun 2007 → Dec 2010	skin cancer	University of Zurich	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00494741	May 2007 → Jul 2016	—	Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00546546	Jul 2005 → Dec 2012	Crohn disease	Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00307671	Jul 2005 → Jul 2011	eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00128895	Jun 2003 → Jun 2014	vasculitis	University Medical Center Groningen	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02463331	May 2003 → Jun 2015	autoimmune hepatitis	University of Sao Paulo General Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00554710	May 2001 → Jan 2004	Crohn disease	Belgian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research and Development (BIRD) VZW	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00755859	May 1998 → Dec 2004	IgA glomerulonephritis	A. Manzoni Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00400075	Jul 1996 → ?	microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa	Hospices Civils de Lyon	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00399399	Jul 1996 → ?	eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Hospices Civils de Lyon	Unknown	No outcome recorded

Phase not applicable10 trials
—	NCT05584228	Oct 2026 → Apr 2030 expected	Crohn disease	Nantes University Hospital	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT07424040	Mar 2026 → Nov 2028 expected	Crohn disease	The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05969730	Aug 2023 → Apr 2025	atopic eczema	Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04124861	Jun 2020 → Dec 2022	autoimmune disease	Peking Union Medical College Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03370601	Jan 2017 → Jan 2019	inflammatory bowel disease	University Hospital, Lille	Terminated	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02936596	Dec 2016 → Jun 2022	autoimmune hepatitis, cholangitis, cholestasis, cirrhosis of liver	Xiaoli Fan	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02929706	Jul 2016 → May 2018	poisoning	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02413047	May 2015 → Feb 2018	Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis	Indiana University	Terminated	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00521950	Sep 2007 → Dec 2011	Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis	ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00189397	Feb 2003 → Oct 2005	toxic dermatosis	All India Institute of Medical Sciences	Completed	No outcome recorded

Also used as a comparator or background therapy in 131 trials

Phase	Registry id	Dates	Indication	Sponsor	Status	Outcome
Phase 03 trials
Phase 0	NCT06476366 Comparator	Jul 2024 → Dec 2025	chronic actinic dermatitis	Pak Emirates Military Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT04469842 Background	Dec 2023 → Jun 2027 expected	transplant-related bronchiolitis obliterans	Vanderbilt University Medical Center	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT04726553 Comparator	Jan 2021 → Dec 2023	systemic lupus erythematosus	Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 14 trials
Phase 1	NCT07044141 Comparator	Mar → Sep 2025 overdue	vitiligo	Lahore General Hospital	Active not recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT05247203 Background	May 2022 → Oct 2023	systemic lupus erythematosus	RemeGen Co., Ltd.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT04809623 Background	Sep 2021 → Oct 2022	cutaneous lupus erythematosus	Gilead Sciences	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT00152113 Background	Apr 2005 → Dec 2008	sickle cell disease	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1/22 trials
Phase 1/2	NCT06663943 Comparator	Oct 2025 → Oct 2026 expected	pemphigus vulgaris	Chao Ji	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2	NCT03250143 Comparator	Dec 2016 → Nov 2017	chronic urticaria	Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 228 trials
Phase 2	NCT07616154 Background	Sep 2026 → Sep 2034 expected	sickle cell disease	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT07619898 Comparator	Jul 2026 → Dec 2028 expected	colitis, hepatitis, melanoma	Therakos	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06213857 Background	Feb → May 2025 overdue	ulcerative colitis	Tanta University	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06786689 Comparator	Mar → May 2023	alopecia areata	Sheikh Zayed Medical College	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06155604 Background	Jan 2023 → Dec 2026 expected	chronic kidney disease, lupus nephritis	The University of Hong Kong	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT05263505 Comparator	Feb 2022 → Sep 2023	conjunctivitis, mucous membrane pemphigoid	Washington University School of Medicine	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT04362293 Background	Apr 2020 → Aug 2026	sickle cell disease	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital	Suspended	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02936375 Comparator	Sep 2017 → Nov 2020	lupus nephritis	RenJi Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02723786 Background	Aug 2016 → Mar 2017	disease related to solid organ transplantation	GlaxoSmithKline	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02789397 Comparator	May 2016 → Mar 2018	interstitial lung disease	Medical College of Wisconsin	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02885610 Comparator	Dec 2015 → Jun 2019	systemic lupus erythematosus	RemeGen Co., Ltd.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02598596 Background	Dec 2015 → Apr 2020	gout	Ampel BioSolutions, LLC	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02949349 Comparator	Jul 2015 → Dec 2016	lupus nephritis	Genovate Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT01275274 Comparator	Jan 2012 → Dec 2013	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT01461837 Background	Jan 2012 → Dec 2025 overdue	sickle cell disease	New York Medical College	Active not recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT01275287 Comparator	May 2011 → Dec 2012	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00774852 Background	Nov 2008 → Dec 2012	lupus nephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00447265 Background	Feb 2008 → Mar 2009	lupus nephritis	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00656656 Background	Jan 2008 → Jul 2011	pemphigus	University of Luebeck	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00608894 Comparator	Dec 2007 → Apr 2009	autoimmune hepatitis	Veloxis Pharmaceuticals	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00664599 Comparator	Apr 2006 → Jan 2008	Behcet disease	Tehran University of Medical Sciences	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT01033656 Comparator	Dec 2005 → Mar 2010	adult-onset Still disease	University of Helsinki	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02247258 Comparator	Oct 2005 → Apr 2014	Crohn disease	Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00230035 Comparator	Sep 2005 → ?	systemic lupus erythematosus	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00113503 Comparator	Jul 2005 → Dec 2007	Crohn disease	National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00753103 Background	Jan 2003 → Jul 2006	granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis	University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00262405 Comparator	Jan 2001 → May 2007	idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	University of Michigan	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00268515 Background	Apr 1998 → Mar 2003	lung disorder	National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 2/35 trials
Phase 2/3	NCT06650124 Comparator	Nov 2024 → Dec 2025 overdue	autoimmune hepatitis	Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT05646992 Background	Mar 2023 → Feb 2033 expected	female infertility of uterine origin	Johns Hopkins University	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT03350633 Comparator	Nov 2017 → Sep 2019	neuromyelitis optica	Tianjin Medical University General Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT00368264 Comparator	Sep 2006 → Jun 2009	lupus nephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus	Medical University of Vienna	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT00104299 Comparator	Jan 2005 → Dec 2008	granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 343 trials
Phase 3	NCT07168161 Background	Nov 2025 → Apr 2027 expected	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	Staidson (Beijing) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT06925698 Comparator	Apr 2025 → Apr 2027 expected	Behcet disease, post-thrombotic syndrome, venous thromboembolism	Marmara University	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT05030155 Comparator	May 2022 → Nov 2025 overdue	eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Active not recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT06059989 Background	Nov 2021 → Jun 2025 overdue	Crohn disease, inflammatory disease	Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT04660539 Background	Mar 2021 → May 2024	neuromyelitis optica	Hoffmann-La Roche	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT05237323 Comparator	Oct 2020 → Jul 2025	dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocarditis, sudden cardiac arrest	I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03828019 Comparator	Sep 2019 → Apr 2024	uveitis	JHSPH Center for Clinical Trials	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03657342 Comparator	Mar 2019 → Apr 2024	chronic transplant rejection, transplant-related bronchiolitis obliterans	Zambon SpA	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03096275 Comparator	Mar 2017 → Nov 2022	Takayasu arteritis	Chinese SLE Treatment And Research Group	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT02994927 Background	Mar 2017 → Sep 2019	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	Amgen	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03101800 Comparator	Dec 2016 → Nov 2019	ulcerative colitis	Hvidovre University Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03026907 Comparator	May 2016 → Dec 2019	hand dermatosis	University Medical Center Groningen	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT02444728 Comparator	Jul 2015 → Dec 2018	thrombocytopenia	Chinese SLE Treatment And Research Group	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT02332356 Comparator	Sep 2014 → Mar 2024	Crohn disease	Tokyo Medical and Dental University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT02028884 Background	Feb 2014 → Jun 2018	neuromyelitis optica	Hoffmann-La Roche	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01941095 Background	Nov 2013 → Jul 2016	rheumatoid arthritis	Hoffmann-La Roche	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01697267 Comparator	Apr 2013 → Nov 2018	granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis	Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01663623 Background	Mar 2013 → Feb 2017	vasculitis	GlaxoSmithKline	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01817972 Comparator	Mar 2013 → Jun 2014	Crohn disease	Gastroenterology Research of America	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01727193 Comparator	Sep 2012 → Oct 2021	myasthenia gravis	First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01639339 Background	Jul 2012 → Jul 2019	lupus nephritis	GlaxoSmithKline	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01446211 Comparator	Nov 2011 → Nov 2012	granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Nordic Pharma SAS	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01284725 Comparator	Feb 2011 → Feb 2016	lupus nephritis	Assistance Publique Hopitaux De Marseille	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01256736 Background	Mar 2010 → Dec 2011	rheumatoid arthritis	JW Pharmaceutical	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01211834 Comparator	Oct 2009 → Oct 2010	rheumatoid arthritis	JW Pharmaceutical	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01559142 Comparator	Nov 2008 → Apr 2012	Crohn disease	Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00748644 Comparator	Oct 2008 → Mar 2013	granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00626197 Background	Feb 2008 → Oct 2009	lupus nephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus	Genentech, Inc.	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00554502 Comparator	Feb 2008 → Feb 2015	IgA glomerulonephritis	RWTH Aachen University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00539838 Background	Dec 2007 → Jul 2011	systemic lupus erythematosus	Genentech, Inc.	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03414502 Comparator	Dec 2007 → Mar 2028 expected	rheumatoid arthritis	University of Nebraska	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00531817 Background	Oct 2007 → Jun 2009	rheumatoid arthritis	Hoffmann-La Roche	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00425438 Comparator	Mar 2007 → Apr 2008	lupus nephritis	Hoffmann-La Roche	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00615173 Comparator	Jul 2006 → Sep 2008	lupus nephritis	Sun Yat-sen University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00336414 Background	Jun 2006 → Jun 2007	lupus nephritis	Gaslini Institute	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00355862 Comparator	Jan 2006 → Apr 2009	hepatocellular carcinoma	University of Regensburg	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00267189 Background	Nov 2005 → Nov 2007	—	Novartis Pharmaceuticals	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00720798 Background	Sep 2005 → Apr 2013	rheumatoid arthritis	Hoffmann-La Roche	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00377637 Comparator	Jul 2005 → Mar 2007	lupus nephritis	Hoffmann-La Roche	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00098111 Comparator	Apr 2005 → Jul 2007	Crohn disease	Massachusetts General Hospital	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00796250 Comparator	Nov 2003 → Jan 2005	Crohn disease	Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00976690 Comparator	Oct 2002 → Oct 2010	Crohn disease	Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00204022 Comparator	Feb 2001 → Aug 2011	lupus nephritis	Frédéric A. Houssiau, MD, PhD	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 430 trials
Phase 4	NCT07659353 Comparator	Aug 2026 → Mar 2029 expected	Crohn disease	University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT07235904 Comparator	Dec 2025 → Mar 2028 expected	ulcerative colitis	University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05813860 Comparator	Apr 2023 → May 2026 overdue	Crohn disease	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05965284 Background	Mar 2023 → Dec 2025 overdue	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	Chinese SLE Treatment And Research Group	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04773392 Comparator	Nov 2021 → Feb 2024	transplant rejection	University of Southern California	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04933292 Comparator	Jun 2021 → May 2022	autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis	Xiaoli Fan	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT06846255 Comparator	Jun → Dec 2021	pemphigus vulgaris	Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05896605 Comparator	Jan 2020 → Dec 2022	neuromyelitis optica, poisoning	First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04066803 Background	Aug 2018 → Jul 2020	rheumatoid arthritis	Sun Yat-sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03555448 Comparator	Jun 2018 → Nov 2023	—	Washington University School of Medicine	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03449758 Background	Mar 2018 → Jul 2019	rheumatoid arthritis	Sanofi	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03229746 Comparator	Aug 2017 → Jun 2018	autoimmune thrombocytopenia	Assiut University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02852694 Comparator	Feb 2017 → Jun 2021	Crohn disease	PIBD-Net	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02900443 Comparator	Jan 2017 → Jun 2023	autoimmune hepatitis	Radboud University Medical Center	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02425852 Comparator	Dec 2016 → Jun 2022	ulcerative colitis	Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02579733 Comparator	Feb 2016 → Dec 2018	ulcerative colitis	Kyungpook National University Hospital	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02645565 Comparator	Dec 2015 → Dec 2016	lupus nephritis	Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02498977 Comparator	Oct 2015 → Dec 2021	liver disorder	King's College London	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02671318 Comparator	Sep 2015 → Dec 2019	cytomegalovirus infection	Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02517684 Background	Apr 2015 → Dec 2019	Crohn disease	Erasmus Medical Center	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02081755 Comparator	Mar 2014 → Mar 2027 expected	hepatocellular carcinoma	Baylor Research Institute	Enrolling by invitation	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01112215 Comparator	Dec 2009 → Dec 2015	systemic lupus erythematosus	Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Research Institute	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00987116 Comparator	Jun 2009 → Jul 2017	myasthenia gravis	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00866684 Comparator	Jan 2007 → Apr 2011	skin cancer	Charite University, Berlin, Germany	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00695344 Comparator	Jan 2006 → Jun 2010	—	Fundacion Investigacion y Desarrollo	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00377962 Comparator	Dec 2005 → Feb 2010	disease related to solid organ transplantation	Novartis Pharmaceuticals	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00132691 Comparator	Sep 2005 → Dec 2010	uveitis	JHSPH Center for Clinical Trials	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00170846 Background	Feb 2005 → Oct 2009	—	Novartis Pharmaceuticals	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00321906 Comparator	Apr 2002 → Aug 2011	acute transplant rejection	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00687180 Comparator	—	autoimmune hepatitis	Rigshospitalet, Denmark	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase not applicable16 trials
—	NCT04737343 Comparator	Jun 2021 → Nov 2024	anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	Chinese SLE Treatment And Research Group	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04882683 Background	Jun 2021 → Jun 2022	ulcerative colitis	Shandong Qilu Stem Cells Engineering Co., Ltd.	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04761952 Background	Feb 2021 → Dec 2022	Crohn disease, cephalin lipidosis	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05321758 Comparator	Mar 2020 → Jun 2027 expected	Crohn disease	Tongji Hospital	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03412188 Comparator	Aug 2018 → Sep 2021	autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura	Nayera Hazaa Elsherif	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04160325 Background	Jan 2018 → Oct 2023	Crohn disease	Zhu Weiming	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03393247 Comparator	Jun 2017 → Jul 2018	Crohn disease	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02954939 Comparator	Mar 2017 → Dec 2028 expected	lupus nephritis	The University of Hong Kong	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02998827 Comparator	Nov 2016 → Nov 2017	Crohn disease	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02426502 Background	Apr 2016 → Aug 2022	end stage renal failure	University of British Columbia	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01823042 Background	Oct 2012 → Jul 2013	Crohn disease	Jinling Hospital, China	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01172002 Comparator	Mar 2010 → Jun 2018	lupus erythematosus, nephritis	RenJi Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01056237 Comparator	Feb 2010 → Jun 2013	lupus nephritis	Zhi-Hong Liu, M.D.	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01015391 Comparator	Nov 2009 → Jun 2013	Crohn disease	Jinling Hospital, China	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00997412 Comparator	May 2009 → May 2011	myasthenia gravis	Qualitix Clinical Research Co., Ltd.	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00518310 Comparator	May 2005 → Dec 2008	idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Thorax National Institute	Unknown	No outcome recorded

Evidence & citations 28 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 216 sources stand behind the page.

Field	Value	Cited text
Known as	azathioprine	“Standard therapy comprises any of the following (alone or in combination): corticosteroids, antimalarials, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and immunosuppressive...” NCT02885610 ↗ 194 “At 6 months after randomization, patients who receive add-on cyclophosphamide will switch to azathioprine as a maintenance therapy and those who receive corticosteroids alone...” NCT03468972 ↗ “Standard of Care Therapy. Eligible patients should be on a maintenance regimen of immunosuppressive agents including tacrolimus, a second agent such as but not limited to MMF...” NCT03657342 ↗ “As specified in the protocol, one of the following drugs at a stable dose is required as monotherapy for baseline treatment during the double-blind period: azathioprine (AZA);...” NCT02028884 ↗ “Patients on corticosteroids (plus conventional therapy) will be randomized to receive anakinra (Kineret®), or one of the following: methotrexate, azathioprine, leflunomide,...” NCT01033656 ↗ “Hydroxyurea and azathioprine were administered for a 3 month period prior to the initiation of the transplant procedure in an effort to help prevent rejection of the donor product.” NCT00152113 ↗ “Immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory agents including but not limited to antimalarials (i.e. hydroxychloroquine), methotrexate, azathioprine and corticosteroids (i.e. prednisone)” NCT04809623 ↗ “The following DMARDs were permitted in this study: methotrexate (MTX), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, parenteral gold, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, and leflunomide.” NCT00531817 ↗ “Azathioprine is associated with enhanced skin photosensitivity to ultraviolet A (UVA) and leads to incorporation of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) into DNA of dividing cells.” PMID 21943390 ↗ Sep 2011 “Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs included methotrexate, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, parenteral gold, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, and leflunomide.” NCT00720798 ↗ “After 3 months, Azathioprine (2 mg / kg / day) is initiated 2 weeks after the last administration of Cyclophosphamide and maintained for the next 21 months.” NCT05207358 ↗ “prednisolone (PRED) (0.8mg/kg/d) plus Cyclophosphamide (CTX) (1.5-2mg/kg/d) followed by Azathioprine (AZA) (1-1.5mg/kg/d) as induction-maintenance therapy” NCT02954939 ↗ “They will continue receiving their usual treatment with corticosteroids and either mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolic acid, or azathioprine (AZA).” NCT00447265 ↗ “Azathioprine (2.5 mg/kg/day, maximum 200 mg/day, oral) Methylprednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day, oral, tapered over 12 weeks according to protocol) + Placebo” NCT06925698 ↗ “plus thiopurine (initial dose of azathioprine 2·5 mg/kg or mercaptopurine 1·5 mg/kg, with dose adjustment based on thiopurine metabolite testing)” PMID 34890567 ↗ Dec 2021 “High-dose steroids (for example, methylprednisolone) plus cyclophosphamide for induction therapy followed by azathioprine for maintenance therapy” NCT01639339 ↗ “If participants are already using azathioprine or thioguanine, they will receive continued dosing 2-2.5mg/kg or 20mg once daily, respectively” NCT06059989 ↗ “Reduction in dose in mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid (MMF) or azathioprine before and after receiving 3rd dose vaccination” NCT05060991 ↗ “Methotrexate(MTX) and/or 1 DMARDs(chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, parenteral gold, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, and leflunomide)” NCT01211834 ↗ “including Leflunomide，Hydroxychloroquine,Sulfasalazine,Azathioprine,Tripterygium glycosides and Total glucosides of paeony” NCT04066803 ↗ “including azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, leflunomide, tacrolimus, cyclosporine.” NCT05247203 ↗ “Ursodeoxycholic acid combination of immunosuppressive agents(methylprednisolone with or without azathioprine)” NCT02936596 ↗ “One of the cytotoxic agents most widely used and better tolerated in the management of IPF is azathioprine.” NCT00518310 ↗ “compare the efficacy and safety of Mycophenolic acid (MA) and Azathioprine (AZA), immunosuppressive drugs” NCT00997412 ↗ “DMARDs(chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, parenteral gold, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, and leflunomide)” NCT01256736 ↗ “maintenance therapy with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil with or without small dose prednisone.” NCT01275274 ↗ “Patients in this group were treated with azathioprine (AZA), infliximab, and placebo prednisolone.” NCT00796250 ↗ “the immunomodulatory agent was azathioprine 1-2mg/kg per day or methotrexate 10-25 mg/m2 week” NCT05043870 ↗ “Patients in the control group receive azathioprine in combination with steroid therapy.” NCT06663943 ↗ “azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, corticosteroids, antimalarials” NCT04726553 ↗ “cyclophosphamide and prednisolone; after 3 months azathioprine with prednisolone” NCT00554502 ↗ “Budesonide (Budenofalk®), Prednisolone (Deltacortril®), Azathioprine (Imuran®)” NCT04921033 ↗ “including cyclophosphamide(CYC), methotrexate(MTX) and azathioprine(AZA) etc.” NCT03096275 ↗ “After Cyclophosphamide treatment, Azathioprine 100mg once daily for 6 months” NCT02444728 ↗ “Hydroxyurea (60 mg/kg/day) and azathioprine (3 mg/kg/day) day -59 to day -11” NCT01461837 ↗ “The IBD medications being observed are azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine.” NCT04304950 ↗ “Azathioprine 3 mg/kg/body weight daily + prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/daily.” NCT00664599 ↗ “maintenance therapy with azathioprine 1.5-2 mg/kg/day for 6-9 months” NCT01275287 ↗ “azathioprine (2 mg/lkg) plus four infusions of infliximab (5mg/kg)” NCT00368264 ↗ “Patients taking azathioprine will be maintained on the same dose.” NCT02426502 ↗ “Once daily medication regimen (Envarsus and azathioprine)” NCT03555448 ↗ “Azathioprine: initially 2 mg/kg/day; max dose 200 mg/day.” NCT03828019 ↗ “both azathioprine (AZA) and methotrexate (MTX) are used.” NCT05040464 ↗ “conversion of azathioprine or mycophenolate to sirolimus” NCT02671318 ↗ “steroids, IVIG, azathioprine, and rituximab” NCT03412188 ↗ “or Azathioprine (\<=100mg/d)” NCT04124861 ↗ “Azathioprine (\<=150 mg/D)” NCT06155604 ↗ “azathioprine (Imuran)” NCT00132691 ↗ “Azathioprine” NCT07248644 ↗ “Azathioprine” NCT00355862 ↗ NCT02929706 ↗ NCT00755859 ↗ NCT00753103 ↗ NCT02645565 ↗ NCT04654988 ↗ NCT00267189 ↗ NCT07138898 ↗ NCT00336414 ↗ NCT00504244 ↗ NCT00608894 ↗ NCT00377962 ↗ NCT03770663 ↗ NCT02517684 ↗ NCT03414502 ↗ NCT01446211 ↗ NCT00268515 ↗ NCT02994927 ↗ NCT04761952 ↗ NCT06213857 ↗ NCT00128895 ↗ NCT02949349 ↗ NCT04362293 ↗ NCT07235904 ↗ NCT00695344 ↗ NCT00094458 ↗ NCT03229746 ↗ NCT00052039 ↗ NCT02281799 ↗ NCT02247258 ↗ NCT03026907 ↗ NCT02177071 ↗ NCT00539838 ↗ NCT06650124 ↗ NCT00461825 ↗ NCT04160325 ↗ NCT02332356 ↗ NCT03580876 ↗ NCT02413047 ↗ NCT03151525 ↗ NCT00431119 ↗ NCT01392833 ↗ NCT00647166 ↗ NCT02936375 ↗ NCT00377637 ↗ NCT02789397 ↗ NCT04882683 ↗ NCT01727193 ↗ NCT02498977 ↗ NCT00204022 ↗ NCT00987116 ↗ NCT01877746 ↗ NCT01823042 ↗ NCT02998827 ↗ NCT01284725 ↗ NCT05861297 ↗ NCT03498703 ↗ NCT01880307 ↗ NCT00262405 ↗ NCT02723786 ↗ NCT03449758 ↗ NCT07168161 ↗ NCT03350633 ↗ NCT00104299 ↗ NCT00521950 ↗ NCT00768729 ↗ NCT07659353 ↗ NCT00626678 ↗ NCT06846255 ↗ NCT00399399 ↗ NCT00400075 ↗ NCT05030155 ↗ NCT00537316 ↗ NCT00626197 ↗ NCT04660539 ↗ NCT00984568 ↗ NCT02852694 ↗ NCT00774852 ↗ NCT05349006 ↗ NCT00425438 ↗ NCT00494741 ↗ NCT04737343 ↗ NCT07619898 ↗ NCT01697267 ↗ NCT00946946 ↗ NCT04469842 ↗ NCT06786689 ↗ NCT05321758 ↗ NCT07352566 ↗ NCT01802593 ↗ NCT01559142 ↗ NCT00349674 ↗ NCT02598596 ↗ NCT05263505 ↗ NCT00656656 ↗ NCT03101800 ↗ NCT00748644 ↗ NCT00554710 ↗ NCT01015391 ↗ NCT01235689 ↗ NCT05965284 ↗ NCT00113503 ↗ NCT07424040 ↗ NCT01564823 ↗ NCT02939573 ↗ NCT03164473 ↗ NCT00849368 ↗ NCT01941095 ↗ NCT01172002 ↗ NCT01817972 ↗ NCT00189397 ↗ NCT03393247 ↗ NCT03002038 ↗ NCT02579733 ↗ NCT05584228 ↗ NCT00546546 ↗ NCT00741338 ↗ NCT00307671 ↗ NCT00098111 ↗ NCT01112215 ↗ NCT04773392 ↗ NCT06476366 ↗ NCT01663623 ↗ NCT00230035 ↗ NCT03250143 ↗ NCT00321906 ↗ NCT02463331 ↗ NCT00866684 ↗ NCT04933292 ↗ NCT00976690 ↗ NCT05237323 ↗ NCT00307645 ↗ NCT07616154 ↗ NCT03185611 ↗ NCT01056237 ↗ NCT06941376 ↗ NCT02425852 ↗ NCT00615173 ↗ NCT03370601 ↗ NCT05896605 ↗ NCT00170846 ↗ NCT02900443 ↗ NCT05969730 ↗ NCT05545384 ↗ NCT05813860 ↗ NCT07044141 ↗
Known as	AZA	“BACKGROUND: We compared protection of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine (AZA) against acute cellular rejection (ACR) and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) in...” PMID 34166370 ↗ Jun 2021 33 “Immunosuppressives, e.g. azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), are important in induction of remission and long term treatment of (ulcerative) colitis and Crohn's...” NCT00521950 ↗ “BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies suggest that for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) combination therapy with low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol (L-AZA/ALLO) may result...” PMID 35274092 ↗ Mar 2022 “Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive infliximab (IFX) and azathioprine (AZA) with a 7-day steroid tapering scheme (IFX+AZA arm) or AZA and conventional...” PMID 39586616 ↗ Jan 2025 “Efficacy and myelosuppression of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine (AZA/6-MP) are correlated with the metabolite 6-thioguanine, while the metabolite 6-methylmercaptopurine...” PMID 36730289 ↗ Feb 2023 “Ulcerative colitis patients treated with Infliximab (IFX) in deep remission after at least 12 months of treatment will be randomized to continue IFX or to stop IFX and start...” NCT03151525 ↗ “OBJECTIVE: To report the 10-year follow-up of the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial comparing azathioprine (AZA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as maintenance therapy of proliferative...” PMID 25757867 ↗ Mar 2015 “The drugs that are often used to treat lupus nephritis include prednisone (steroids), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), azathioprine (AZA or Imuran), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF...” NCT00447265 ↗ “To compare the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) versus azathioprine (AZA) in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease.” PMID 28450313 ↗ Apr 2017 “The purpose of this study is to determine whether a top-down treatment approach, prescribing infliximab (IFX) and azathioprine (AZA) at diagnose, yields better outcome” NCT02517684 ↗ “Azathioprine (AZA), a pro-drug metabolised to the active metabolites 6-tioguanine nucleotides (6TGN), is a steroid-sparing therapy for Crohn's disease (CD).” PMID 24237037 ↗ Nov 2013 “prednisolone (PRED) (0.8mg/kg/d) plus Cyclophosphamide (CTX) (1.5-2mg/kg/d) followed by Azathioprine (AZA) (1-1.5mg/kg/d) as induction-maintenance therapy” NCT02954939 ↗ “comparing sirolimus (SIR) with azathioprine (AZA) in a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen in lung transplantation.” PMID 20833822 ↗ Sep 2010 “We aimed to compare the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) and rituximab (RIT) as maintenance therapy in NMOSD patients.” PMID 28831548 ↗ Aug 2017 “Prophylactic azathioprine (AZA) is efficacious in preventing postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence.” PMID 25926532 ↗ Apr 2015 “compare the efficacy and safety of Mycophenolic acid (MA) and Azathioprine (AZA), immunosuppressive drugs” NCT00997412 ↗ “azathioprine (AZA) starting at 50 mg/day for the first two weeks, followed by an increase to 100 mg/day” NCT06650124 ↗ “Patients in this group were treated with azathioprine (AZA), infliximab, and placebo prednisolone.” NCT00796250 ↗ “including cyclophosphamide(CYC), methotrexate(MTX) and azathioprine(AZA) etc.” NCT03096275 ↗ “oral azathioprine (AZA) versus intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide (CYC)” PMID 18240234 ↗ Feb 2008 “both azathioprine (AZA) and methotrexate (MTX) are used.” NCT05040464 ↗ “randomized to receive AZA or placebo for 12 months” PMID 28678392 ↗ Oct 2017 “infliximab (IFX) infusion; azathioprine (AZA) caps” NCT00094458 ↗ “Drug: Mycophenolate acid (MPA)/Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT00170846 ↗ “Mycophenolate acid (MPA)/ Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT00267189 ↗ “Mycophenolic acid (MPA)/azathioprine (AZA)” NCT00377962 ↗ “Infliximab with azathioprine (IIFX + AZA)” NCT01559142 ↗ “azathioprine (AZA)/6-mercaptopurine (6MP)” PMID 32611737 ↗ Jul 2020 “Rituximab (RTX) and Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT02789397 ↗ “Drug: Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT07235904 ↗ “Drug: Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT06786689 ↗ “Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT06941376 ↗ “Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT07659353 ↗ “Azathioprine (AZA)” NCT00537316 ↗
Known as	Azamune	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Azapress	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Azasan	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	azathioprin	“2. Hydroxychloroquine according to body weight, patients who develop hypersensitivity will be shifted to Azathioprin.” NCT03289403 ↗ 2 “Pleon RA®), Hydroxychloroquine (e.g. Quensyl®); Azathioprin, Methotrexate” NCT02779114 ↗ NCT00687180 ↗
Known as	azathioprine (Imuran)	“azathioprine (Imuran)” NCT00132691 ↗
Known as	Azathioprine = brand name = Imurel	“Azathioprine = brand name = Imurel” NCT00546546 ↗
Known as	AZATHIOPRINE SODIUM	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Azathioprine sodium salt	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Azathioprine: Imurek (R) 50 mg and 25 mg tablets	“Azathioprine: Imurek (R) 50 mg and 25 mg tablets” NCT00849368 ↗
Known as	Azathioprinum	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Azatioprina	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Berkaprine	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	BW-57-322	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Immunoprin 50	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	IMURAN	“The drugs that are often used to treat lupus nephritis include prednisone (steroids), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), azathioprine (AZA or Imuran), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF...” NCT00447265 ↗ 6 “the wild type use azathioprine(Imuran，2-2.5mg/kg/d),the CT genotype use half dose of azathioprine（Imuran，1-1.5mg/kg/d).” NCT02929706 ↗ “Budesonide (Budenofalk®), Prednisolone (Deltacortril®), Azathioprine (Imuran®)” NCT04921033 ↗ “Imuran (Azathioprine) Dose-Ranging Study in Crohn's Disease” NCT00098111 ↗ “azathioprine (Imuran)” NCT00132691 ↗ NCT05646992 ↗ NCT02081755 ↗
Known as	Imuran injection	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Imurek	“2 mg per kg BW azathioprine sodium (Imurek®, GlaxoSmithKline, Munich, Germany) once daily” NCT00431119 ↗
Known as	Imurel (Azathioprine)	“Imurel (Azathioprine)” NCT01564823 ↗
Known as	Jayempi	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Kentaprine	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	NSC-39084	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Known as	Oprisine 50	ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL1542 ↗
Action	Inhibit	“Amidophosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor” CHEMBL1542 ↗ 1 “acts by inhibiting the T lymphocytes” NCT00189397 ↗
Modality	Small molecule	“The thiopurines azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have longstanding merit in ulcerative colitis” PMID 40013523 ↗ Feb 2025
Route	Oral	“2.5 mg of oral azathioprine per kilogram daily plus a placebo infusion” PMID 20393175 ↗ Apr 2010
Target	PPAT	“Amidophosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor” CHEMBL1542 ↗