Drugs / Disulfiram
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Disulfiram

also known as DSF · Antabuse · Antabus · Disulfirame · Esperal · NSC-25953 · ORA102

Small molecule targets ALDH1A1, ALDH2, DBH, LOX, LOXL2, MGMT via inhibition

Developed for
glioblastoma · cocaine dependence · alcohol dependence · alcohol-related disorders · HIV infectious disease · opiate dependence · breast cancer · COVID-19
+24 more · melanoma · obesity disorder · prostate cancer · age-related macular degeneration · cancer · germ cell tumor · metastatic melanoma · metastatic neoplasm · methamphetamine dependence · non-small cell lung carcinoma · osteosarcoma · pancreatic adenocarcinoma · plasma cell myeloma · refractory malignant neoplasm · retinitis pigmentosa · rheumatoid arthritis · sarcoma · Stargardt disease · cocaine abuse · inherited retinal dystrophy · macular degeneration · malignant pancreatic neoplasm · substance abuse · substance-related disorder
Investigated by
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) · Yale University · Cantex Pharmaceuticals · University of California, San Francisco · University of Utah · Baylor College of Medicine
+62 more · National Cancer Institute, Slovakia · Sahlgrenska University Hospital · University of Arkansas · University of Ulm · Washington University School of Medicine · Anticancer Fund, Belgium · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · Augusta Hospital, Berlin · Case Comprehensive Cancer Center · College of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Zhejiang University · Daniel George, MD · ETICA · FDC Foundation · Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare · First People's Hospital of Hangzhou · Give 1 For Dad Campaign · Hadassah Medical Organization · John P. Fruehauf · Johns Hopkins University · Karolinska University Hospital · Laboratorios Doctor Macías · Lund University Hospital · Mayo Clinic · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Monash University · National Cancer Institute (NCI) · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) · National Research Agency, France · New York State Psychiatric Institute · Olympion Medical Center · Peter Michael Foundation · Presbyterian Health Foundation · Psykiatrisk Center Gentofte · Region Örebro County · Reliable Cancer Therapies · Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. · Ryhov County Hospital · Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins · Spring Research Foundation · St. Olavs Hospital · St. Vincent's Medical Center · The Alfred · The Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University · The Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Czech Republic · The V Foundation for Cancer Research · University Hospital Olomouc · University Hospital, Linkoeping · University of California, Irvine · University of Eastern Finland · University of Guanajuato · University of Ioannina · University of Melbourne · University of New Mexico · University of Oklahoma · University of Pennsylvania · University of Rochester · Uppsala University Hospital · VA Connecticut Healthcare System · Wake Forest University Health Sciences · amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research

Regulatory milestones approvals, filings & regulatory actions · 1 recorded

MilestoneJurisdictionBrandIndicationDateSentence it was read from
Approved US (FDA) ANTABUSE 1951-08-28 fda.gov

Trials 47 · a red edge is where a trial was stopped

PhaseRegistry idDatesIndicationSponsorStatusOutcome
Phase 03 trials
Phase 0 NCT05162001 Nov 2021 → Jan 2022 obesity disorder University of Guanajuato Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT03151772 Jan 2018 → Sep 2020 glioblastoma Sahlgrenska University Hospital Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT01907165 Oct 2013 → Nov 2016 glioblastoma Washington University School of Medicine Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 18 trials
Phase 1 NCT06319872 May 2025 → May 2029 expected Stargardt disease, age-related macular degeneration, alcohol-related disorders, retinitis pigmentosa University of Rochester Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT05210374 Mar 2023 → Sep 2026 expected sarcoma Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT04521335 May → Dec 2021 plasma cell myeloma University of Utah Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT02963051 Jul 2017 → Dec 2018 prostate cancer Daniel George, MD Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT02671890 Feb 2016 → May 2024 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, refractory malignant neoplasm Mayo Clinic Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00742911 Jul 2008 → Mar 2013 cancer University of Utah Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00571116 Sep 2006 → Aug 2012 metastatic melanoma University of California, Irvine Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00094289 Aug 2004 → Jul 2005 alcohol-related disorders National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/28 trials
Phase 1/2 NCT03891667 Jul 2019 → Nov 2021 Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT03198559 Aug 2017 → Apr 2019 HIV infectious disease University of Melbourne Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT02770378 Nov 2016 → Oct 2018 glioblastoma University of Ulm Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT02715609 Jun 2016 → May 2024 glioblastoma Washington University School of Medicine Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01944371 Sep 2013 → May 2014 HIV infectious disease University of California, San Francisco Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00731133 Aug 2008 → Sep 2010 methamphetamine dependence University of Arkansas Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00729300 Apr 2006 → Jun 2016 cocaine dependence Baylor College of Medicine Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00256230 Jan 2002 → Aug 2007 melanoma John P. Fruehauf Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 216 trials
Phase 2 NCT01777919 Jan 2027 → Jan 2029 expected glioblastoma Olympion Medical Center Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT07534332 May 2026 → Apr 2027 expected obesity disorder, rheumatoid arthritis University of Oklahoma Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT07477457 Mar 2026 → Mar 2028 expected metastatic neoplasm, osteosarcoma Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04485130 Aug 2021 → Feb 2022 COVID-19 University of California, San Francisco Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04594343 Nov 2020 → Sep 2021 COVID-19 ETICA Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04265274 Jan 2020 → Jan 2022 breast cancer National Cancer Institute, Slovakia Withdrawn No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT03950830 May 2019 → Sep 2021 germ cell tumor National Cancer Institute, Slovakia Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT03363659 Mar 2018 → Jan 2022 glioblastoma Wake Forest University Health Sciences Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT03323346 Sep 2017 → Oct 2025 breast cancer The Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Czech Republic Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT03034135 Mar 2017 → Jul 2018 glioblastoma Cantex Pharmaceuticals Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2/32 trials
Phase 2/3 NCT02678975 Jan 2017 → Jan 2021 glioblastoma Sahlgrenska University Hospital Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT00312819 Mar 2006 → Dec 2009 non-small cell lung carcinoma Hadassah Medical Organization Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 45 trials
Phase 4 NCT02735577 Mar 2016 → Oct 2019 alcohol-related disorders New York State Psychiatric Institute Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT02134002 Jun 2014 → Apr 2016 cocaine dependence Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Withdrawn No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT00721526 Aug 2009 → Aug 2012 alcohol dependence, anxiety disorder University of New Mexico Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT00431262 Feb 2007 → Jun 2009 alcohol dependence Psykiatrisk Center Gentofte Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT00435435 Sep 2000 → Apr 2005 alcohol dependence Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Completed No outcome recorded
Phase not applicable5 trials
NCT05667415 Jun 2023 → Dec 2025 First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Unknown No outcome recorded
NCT01286259 Jan 2011 → May 2014 HIV infectious disease University of California, San Francisco Completed No outcome recorded
NCT01118741 May 2010 → Jun 2012 prostate cancer Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Completed No outcome recorded
NCT00580827 Sep 2003 → Mar 2004 opiate dependence Yale University Completed No outcome recorded
NCT00002065 HIV infectious disease St. Vincent's Medical Center Completed No outcome recorded
Also used as a comparator or background therapy in 8 trials
PhaseRegistry idDatesIndicationSponsorStatusOutcome
Phase 01 trial
Phase 0 NCT06793488 Background Sep 2025 → Aug 2029 expected alcohol-related disorders Columbia University Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 12 trials
Phase 1 NCT00878306 Comparator Nov 2008 → Apr 2013 HIV infectious disease, substance abuse University of California, San Francisco Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00350870 Comparator Apr 2005 → Dec 2010 cocaine abuse Yale University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/23 trials
Phase 1/2 NCT05626920 Comparator May 2026 → Feb 2027 expected inherited retinal dystrophy University of Washington Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT04502589 Comparator Oct 2020 → Aug 2021 alcohol-related disorders Virginia Commonwealth University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00745511 Comparator Mar 2009 → Jun 2010 macular degeneration Ora Bio Ltd. Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 22 trials
Phase 2 NCT03714555 Comparator Oct 2019 → Jul 2020 malignant pancreatic neoplasm HonorHealth Research Institute Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT00218608 Comparator Apr 2001 → Jan 2007 cocaine dependence, opiate dependence University of Arkansas Completed No outcome recorded

Evidence & citations 13 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 58 sources stand behind the page.

FieldValueCited text
Known as disulfiram “antabuse (disulfiram)” NCT00431262
53

NCT02715609

NCT05626920

NCT00002065

NCT07477457

NCT03198559

NCT06793488

NCT02963051

NCT00395850

NCT00350870

NCT00729300

NCT04594343

NCT01944371

NCT02671890

NCT01118741

NCT00094289

NCT04502589

NCT01286259

NCT04485130

NCT03151772

NCT02134002

NCT00000278

NCT00571116

NCT02735577

NCT03891667

NCT00878306

NCT02770378

NCT03950830

NCT03363659

NCT00256230

NCT02101008

NCT03034135

NCT05162001

NCT00731133

NCT00149630

NCT00312819

NCT03714555

NCT00218608

NCT00742911

NCT05210374

NCT04521335

NCT05667415

NCT00142844

NCT01777919

NCT00913484

NCT00721526

NCT07534332

NCT00435435

NCT01907165

NCT06319872

NCT04265274

NCT02678975

NCT00580827

NCT03323346

Known as Antabus “Patients will take one pill of disulfiram (Antabus) daily at a dose of 400 mg continually during the treatment phase” NCT03323346
Known as Antabuse “A recent article by Marikowsky and colleagues extended significantly our knowledge regarding the possible activity of disulfiram (well known in its commercial name Antabuse) as...” NCT00312819
3

“Disulfiram (Antabuse®) is a well-tolerated, cheap, generic drug that has been in use since the 1950s to treat alcoholism.” NCT02678975

“Although Disulfiram (Antabuse) is an approved drug to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism” NCT03950830

NCT00431262

Known as Disulfirame ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL964
Known as DSF “Disulfiram (DSF) has been used for more than sixty years in the treatment of chronic alcoholism because of the unpleasant symptoms it provokes after ethanol intake.” NCT01777919
5

“Antifibrotic activity of DSF was investigated in kidney epithelial cells stimulated by transforming growth factor-β1 (5 ng/ml) as well as in two animal models.” PMID 35285015 Mar 2022

“Disulfiram (DSF) is a well-tolerated, inexpensive, generic drug” PMID 30647912 Nov 2018

“Disulfiram (DSF)” NCT05210374

“Disulfiram (DSF)” NCT00256230

“Disulfiram (DSF)” NCT07534332

Known as Esperal ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL964
Known as NSC-25953 ChEMBL registry synonym — accepted as the source's own label CHEMBL964
Known as ORA102 ClinicalTrials.gov intervention name — accepted as the source's own label NCT00745511
Action Inhibit “By blocking the enzyme dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)” NCT00149630
1

“Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor” CHEMBL964

Modality Small molecule “the thiocarbamate molecule disulfiram” NCT00742911
Route Oral oral disulfiram” NCT00094289
Target ALDH2 “Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor” CHEMBL964
Target DBH “By blocking the enzyme dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)” NCT00149630