Drugs / GM-CSF
last change Sep 2026 re-read 3 minutes ago

GM-CSF

English name Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

Protein / enzyme biologic

Developed for
neuroblastoma · breast cancer · leukemia · prostate cancer · cutaneous melanoma · HIV infectious disease · prostate neoplasm · autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
+46 more · diffuse large B-cell lymphoma · glioblastoma · lymphoma · non-small cell lung carcinoma · acute myeloid leukemia · chronic hepatitis B virus infection · infertility disorder · melanoma · metastatic malignant neoplasm · metastatic melanoma · plasma cell myeloma · refractory malignant neoplasm · adult acute respiratory distress syndrome · brain injury · brain stem glioma · breast carcinoma · cancer · carcinoma · chronic myeloid leukemia · colon carcinoma · colorectal carcinoma · conjunctival cancer · cutaneous leishmaniasis · fungal infectious disease · gliosarcoma · infectious disease with sepsis · kidney cancer · metastatic malignant neoplasm in the colon · metastatic neoplasm · metastatic prostate carcinoma · multiple organ dysfunction syndrome · Mycobacterium avium complex disease · ocular melanoma · osteosarcoma · pancreatic adenocarcinoma · pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma · peripheral arterial disease · pouchitis · pregnancy loss, recurrent, 4 · rectal cancer · renal cell carcinoma · skin cancer · soft tissue neoplasm · urinary bladder cancer · uterine disorder · uveal melanoma
Investigated by
Bayer · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · National Cancer Institute (NCI) · Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University · Y-mAbs Therapeutics
+98 more · Dana-Farber Cancer Institute · Emory University · Mayo Clinic · National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · The Methodist Hospital Research Institute · University of California, Irvine · Beijing Tiantan Hospital · Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · Centre for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Italy · Genzyme, a Sanofi Company · Sanofi · The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University · University of California, San Francisco · University of Colorado, Denver · University of Wisconsin, Madison · Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd. · Acute Leukemia French Association · Ahmad Tarhini · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · Bavarian Nordic · Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc./Bayer Schering Pharma · Beijing 302 Hospital · Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network · Brigham and Women's Hospital · Bristol-Myers Squibb · COL George Peoples, MD, FACS · Cancer Insight, LLC · Celldex Therapeutics · Charite University, Berlin, Germany · Children's Hospital Colorado · Children's Hospital Los Angeles · Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain · Cyto Pulse Sciences, Inc. · Dai Huaping · Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center · Duke University · Edward Nelson · Eli Lilly and Company · Epitopoietic Research Corporation · Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) · Fudan University · Fujian Cancer Hospital · Fundació Sant Joan de Déu · Genentech, Inc. · German Research Foundation · GlaxoSmithKline · Greenwich LifeSciences, Inc. · Henan Provincial People's Hospital · Hospices Civils de Lyon · Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos · ImmunSYS, LLC · Imperial College London · James Graham Brown Cancer Center · Jiuwu Bai · Juan A. Arnaiz · Karolinska Institutet · Kidney Cancer Research Bureau · Lawrence Fong · Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in New Orleans · Madison Vaccines Incorporated · Maria Liljefors · Mark Hall · Massachusetts General Hospital · Medical Research Council · Medical University of South Carolina · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC · Mustafa Khasraw, MBChB, MD, FRCP, FRACP · National Cancer Institute (NCI) · National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) · National Marrow Donor Program · Nationwide Children's Hospital · Oncology Specialists, S.C. · Oswaldo Cruz Foundation · all 104 on the full record

Trials 99 · started per year

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PhaseRegistry idDatesIndicationSponsorStatusOutcome
Phase 01 trial
Phase 0 NCT03189706 Jun 2017 → Jun 2027 expected neuroblastoma Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 121 trials · 1 met primary
Phase 1 NCT04062721 Aug 2025 → Nov 2028 expected — Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT03982004 Sep 2020 → Mar 2021 breast cancer Washington University School of Medicine Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 1 NCT03392545 Apr 2018 → Apr 2020 brain stem glioma, glioblastoma Beijing Tiantan Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT03426995 Mar 2018 → May 2019 rheumatoid arthritis GlaxoSmithKline Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 1 NCT02774421 Jun 2017 → Feb 2025 overdue posterior fossa ependymoma University of Colorado, Denver Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT02411786 Aug 2015 → May 2019 prostate cancer University of Wisconsin, Madison Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT02383212 Feb 2015 → Nov 2019 cancer Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT01130376 Sep 2009 → Oct 2011 HIV infectious disease Imperial College London Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Enrollment
Phase 1 NCT00471471 Oct 2008 → Dec 2011 conjunctival cancer, cutaneous melanoma, ocular melanoma Ahmad Tarhini Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00631072 Feb 2008 → Aug 2014 melanoma Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/29 trials
Phase 1/2 NCT06345599 May 2024 → Jan 2027 expected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT05131711 Nov 2021 → Nov 2022 glioblastoma Beijing Tiantan Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT04979832 Sep 2021 → Dec 2023 pouchitis Zealand University Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT04238819 Nov 2020 → Mar 2024 refractory malignant neoplasm Eli Lilly and Company Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT03282188 Oct 2017 → Jul 2018 melanoma, skin cancer University of Leeds Withdrawn No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01878565 Jun 2013 → Dec 2014 chronic hepatitis B virus infection Beijing 302 Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT02009397 Feb 2012 → Nov 2016 metastatic melanoma University of Louisville Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01191034 Aug 2010 → Aug 2012 metastatic melanoma Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc- Université Catholique de Louvain Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT01064375 Dec 2009 → Mar 2012 colorectal cancer Maria Liljefors Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 251 trials · 1 met primary · 4 missed
Phase 2 NCT06989333 Jul 2025 → Jun 2027 expected autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Jiuwu Bai Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06651853 Oct 2024 → Dec 2027 expected diffuse large B-cell lymphoma The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06112041 Oct 2023 → Oct 2026 expected carcinoma Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06472739 Sep 2023 → Aug 2024 — Sun Yat-sen University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05603013 Oct 2022 → Jan 2024 breast carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05760196 Oct 2022 → Dec 2024 — Xiangpan Li Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05530200 Sep 2022 → Dec 2024 metastatic neoplasm Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05292417 Mar 2022 → Mar 2023 colorectal carcinoma The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04909515 Dec 2021 → Jun 2026 neuroblastoma Y-mAbs Therapeutics Withdrawn No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 2 NCT04936529 Aug 2021 → Jun 2027 expected neuroblastoma Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 35 trials · 1 met primary · 2 missed
Phase 3 NCT05232916 Aug 2022 → Dec 2026 expected breast cancer Greenwich LifeSciences, Inc. Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT01715974 Dec 2017 → Jul 2022 pregnancy loss, recurrent, 4 Centre for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Italy Unknown Met primary
Phase 3 NCT03023111 Jun 2017 → Aug 2019 cutaneous leishmaniasis Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos Completed Missed primary
Phase 3 NCT01322490 Nov 2011 → Sep 2017 metastatic prostate carcinoma Bavarian Nordic Completed Missed primary
Phase 3 NCT00880243 Mar 1999 → Sep 2006 acute myeloid leukemia Acute Leukemia French Association Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 48 trials
Phase 4 NCT03769844 Dec 2018 → Dec 2023 multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Nationwide Children's Hospital Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT02933333 Sep 2016 → Aug 2020 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma +1 Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT02451488 May 2015 → Nov 2016 cutaneous melanoma Mayo Clinic Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT02250768 Jul 2013 → Mar 2014 infertility disorder Vietnam National University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT01718210 Dec 2012 → Dec 2015 infertility disorder Centre for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Italy Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT01495637 Dec 2011 → Feb 2022 brain injury Mark Hall Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT01232504 Sep 2009 → Mar 2013 fungal infectious disease Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd. Completed Mixed
Phase 4 NCT00979706 Mar 2005 → Nov 2014 HIV infectious disease Juan A. Arnaiz Completed No outcome recorded
Phase not applicable3 trials · 1 missed
— NCT04100655 Oct 2019 → Jun 2020 uterine disorder Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
— NCT05451420 Dec 2017 → Jun 2020 chronic hepatitis B virus infection Henan Provincial People's Hospital Completed Missed primary
— NCT02100930 Mar 2014 → Mar 2019 neuroblastoma Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Completed No outcome recorded
Phase not stated1 trial
— NCT04501757 — neuroblastoma Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center No longer available No outcome recorded
Comparator or background therapy105 trials
Phase 1 NCT05544968 Background Mar 2026 → Jan 2028 expected Hodgkins lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma +2 Medical College of Wisconsin Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT07374029 Background Feb 2026 → Oct 2027 expected acute myeloid leukemia David Avigan Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT07377435 Background Jan 2026 → Mar 2028 expected plasma cell myeloma, refractory plasma cell neoplasm David Avigan Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT06514898 Background May 2025 → Sep 2027 expected medulloblastoma non-WNT/non-SHH group 3, medulloblastoma non-WNT/non-SHH group 4 University of Florida Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT06799026 Background Jan 2025 → Sep 2028 expected plasma cell myeloma David Avigan Recruiting No outcome recorded

Press releases naming this drug 34 releases

DateIssuerRelease
2025-09-09 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Partner Therapeutics Receives EMA Approval of IMREPLYS® (sargramostim, rhu GM-CSF) to Treat Exposure to Myelosuppressive Doses of Radiation (Hematopoietic Sub-syndrome of Acute Radiation Syndrome [H-ARS]) partnertx.com ↗
2025-06-20 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. European Medicines Agency CHMP Recommends EU Approval of Partner Therapeutics IMREPLYS® (sargramostim, rhu GM-CSF) to Treat Exposure to Myelosuppressive Doses of Radiation (Haematopoietic Sub-syndrome of Acute Radiation Syndrome) partnertx.com ↗
2025-01-09 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. BARDA and Partner Therapeutics continue partnership around development of LEUKINE® (sargramostim, rhu GM-CSF) to potentially improve patient care for sepsis partnertx.com ↗
2024-04-18 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Comprehensive Review Highlights Potential Benefits of Leukine® in Management of Gastrointestinal (GI) Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in the Treatment of Cancer partnertx.com ↗
2024-04-03 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Partner Therapeutics’ Leukine® (sargramostim) Receives Approval in Japan to Treat Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (aPAP) partnertx.com ↗
2024-01-17 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Comprehensive Review Highlights Importance of Leukine® in Combination with Anti-GD2 Immunotherapy for Treatment of High-Risk Pediatric Neuroblastoma partnertx.com ↗
2023-12-20 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Exploratory Results Suggest the Potential Role of LEUKINE ® as a Host-Directed Immunomodulator partnertx.com ↗
2023-11-30 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Partner Therapeutics Announces Publication of 30-month Randomized Open Label Study of LEUKINE® in Combination with Whole Lung Lavage for Treatment of Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (aPAP) partnertx.com ↗
2022-12-15 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Partner Therapeutics Announces Publication of a Retrospective Cohort Review of 15 LEUKINE® Treated Patients with Pediatric Malignancies and Invasive Fungal Disease Refractory to Antifungal Therapy partnertx.com ↗
2022-11-10 Targovax Oy Hubro Therapeutics AS acquires GM-CSF vaccine adjuvant from Targovax ASA in asset purchase agreement circio.com ↗
2022-02-17 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. Partner Therapeutics Announces Contract with U.S. Department of Defense for Advanced Development of Leukine® to Treat Sulfur Mustard Gas (HD) Exposure partnertx.com ↗
2021-09-20 Partner Therapeutics, Inc. BARDA and Partner Therapeutics foster a new partnership around their FDA-approved drug, Leukine® to improve patient care for sepsis patients partnertx.com ↗

Evidence & citations 24 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 218 sources stand behind the page.

FieldValueCited text
Known as GM CSF “This treatment will combine peritumoral injection of IL-2, IFN-α and GM-CSF (6000 IU, 100.000 IU and 300 ng per tumor injected, respectively), as well as topical application of...” NCT01191034 ↗
205

“multiple peptide cocktail including LY6K and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) together with IFA...” NCT00561275 ↗

“Personalized anti-tumor neoantigen injection (300 μg/peptide) plus GM-CSF (40 μg per injection site) will be administered via subcutaneous injection at multiple sites (around...” NCT07504484 ↗

“Naxitamab and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Combined With Isotretinoin for Maintenance Treatment of Patients With High-Risk Neuroblastoma in First...” NCT06047535 ↗

“In a separate trial, GMCSF was used in breast cancer patients treated with adriamycin based chemotherapy as the preferred growth factor in a neoadjuvant setting (16).” NCT00256243 ↗

“STC-1010 administered with immunostimulants (IS) in low-dose (cyclophosphamide and GM-CSF) and standard of care (SOC) therapy (mFOLFOX6 with or without bevacizumab)” NCT06934538 ↗

“100 micrograms (mcg) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and 1 milliliter (mL) of Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant.” NCT05479045 ↗

“At the time of vaccine administration, one vial of frozen suspended peptide is thawed and mixed with 250mcg GM-CSF in the syringe.” NCT02019524 ↗

“Each dose of DC-TC contains approximately 10-20 million cells. Each dose is suspended in 500 mcg GM-CSF prior to administration.” NCT01875653 ↗

“AV-MEL-1 is admixed with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant, prior to injection.” NCT03743298 ↗

“Each DRibble vaccine will be followed by the 6-day infusion of GM-CSF via the CADD-MS 3 pump (50 micrograms/24 hrs).” NCT00850785 ↗

Show 195 more sources

Known as GM-CSF (sargramostim) “GM-CSF (sargramostim)” NCT01580696 ↗
1

“GM-CSF (Sargramostim)” NCT02019524 ↗

Known as GM-CSF = Leukine “GM-CSF = Leukine” NCT01627678 ↗
Known as GM-CSF: molgramostim “GM-CSF: molgramostim” NCT00880243 ↗
Known as granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor “topical granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and miltefosine (G + M) versus placebo and miltefosine (P + M)” PMID 33253864 ↗ Nov 2020
Known as granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF) “granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF)” NCT00488592 ↗
1

“Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)” NCT07537400 ↗

Known as granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor “Granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increases circulating dendritic cells but does not abrogate suppression of adaptive cellular immunity” PMID 22270330 ↗ Jan 2012
1

“granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF)” NCT05451420 ↗

Known as Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor “Through compassionate use, 4 patients with progression of disease or refractory disease after HITS therapy, have been further treated with two cycles of a combination of...” NCT06438614 ↗
43

“The primary goal of this study is to determine the effects (good and bad) of Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in combination with Cytoxan, Adriamycin,...” NCT00455897 ↗

“Although IFN-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) restore immune competence of ex vivo stimulated leukocytes of patients with sepsis, effects on...” PMID 22822024 ↗ Jul 2012

“Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a naturally occurring substance that is made by the body in response to infection or inflammation, and greatly...” NCT00272493 ↗

“Their phase 1-2 trials revealed that the E75 + granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vaccine is safe and effective in stimulating clonal expansion of...” PMID 20845479 ↗ Sep 2010

“The purpose of this study is to find out if an antibody called Humanized 3F8 (Hu3F8) combined with granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is safe for...” NCT01757626 ↗

“PRaG therapy, which combines PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, radiotherapy, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), aims to treat patients with advanced, refractory tumors.” PMID 41308040 ↗ Nov 2025

“Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was administered at a dose of 125 μg/m²/day subcutaneously for 14 days, followed by a 14-day rest period for 24 weeks.” NCT00769704 ↗

“three (3) days of subcutaneous Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) to increase bone marrow production of monocytes and dendritic cell (DC) precursors” NCT02705703 ↗

“Treatment of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) by inhaled granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is considered safe and effective.” PMID 32615994 ↗ Jul 2020

“Administration of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) to patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma will result in enhance recruitment of DCs” NCT00600002 ↗

Show 33 more sources

Known as Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating-Colony Factor “The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of Granulocyte-Macrophage Stimulating-Colony Factor (GM-CSF) supplementation in embryo culture for patients...” NCT02250768 ↗
Known as granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor “granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)” PMID 21632504 ↗ May 2011
Known as Leucomax “GM-CSF (Leucomax, recombinant human GM-CSF from Escherichia Coli, Schering Plough, Kenilworth,N.J., USA) is given at a dose of 5µg/kg per day, intravenously beginning at day 1...” NCT00880243 ↗
Known as Leukine “Interferon gamma 1b (Actimmune) and GM-CSF (Leukine) are two cytokine therapies that have been approved in the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease and...” NCT00111397 ↗
1

“CDX-110 with sargramostim (GM-CSF) (Leukine®)” NCT01480479 ↗

Known as Molgramostim “GM-CSF (Molgramostim, TOPLEUCON®; Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd., China)” NCT01232504 ↗
Known as NSC-613795 “GM-CSF Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (Hoechst/Immunex), NSC-613795” NCT00001561 ↗
Known as Recombinant human GM-CSF “Recombinant human GM-CSF” NCT02411786 ↗
Known as Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor “GM-CSF (Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor) The dose and duration of GM-CSF (7.5 mcg/kg/day) was selected.” NCT00952237 ↗
Known as rhGM-CSF “Recombinant Human Granulocyte-macrophage Stimulating Factor (rhGM-CSF)” NCT01232504 ↗
Known as rhu GM-CSF “GM-CSF is a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhu GM-CSF) produced by recombinant DNA technology in a yeast (S. cerevisiae) expression system.” NCT03282188 ↗
Known as sangramostim “PURPOSE: To determine the biologic effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (sangramostim, GM-CSF; Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA) as measured by...” PMID 12506177 ↗ Jan 2003
Known as sargramostim “GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, also called sargramostim, GM, or Leukine), a growth factor” NCT00208975 ↗
4

“GM-CSF (Sargramostim) was co administered with each vaccine dose.” NCT00488592 ↗

“CDX-110 with sargramostim (GM-CSF) (Leukine®)” NCT01480479 ↗

“sargramostim (GM-CSF) SC on days 1-10” NCT00090870 ↗

“GM-CSF (also called sargramostim)” NCT02100930 ↗

Known as Topleucon “Topleucon®” NCT01232504 ↗
Action Activate “GM-CSF reverses monocyte deactivation” PMID 19590022 ↗ Jul 2009
Modality Protein / enzyme biologic “granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)” PMID 21632504 ↗ May 2011
Route Subcutaneous “GM-CSF is administered subcutaneously locally with the vaccine” NCT00001512 ↗