Drugs / Pentoxifylline
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Pentoxifylline

Small molecule targets TLR4, TNF via inhibition

Developed for
chronic kidney disease · HIV infectious disease · alcoholic hepatitis · major depressive disorder · metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis · diabetic kidney disease · end stage renal failure · lymphedema
+98 more · male infertility · acute pancreatitis · alopecia areata · atherosclerosis · Behcet disease · COVID-19 · cutaneous leishmaniasis · female breast carcinoma · female infertility · glomerulonephritis · hepatopulmonary syndrome · NAFLD1 · non-small cell lung carcinoma · osteonecrosis of the jaw · radiation-induced disorder · acute kidney injury · acute respiratory distress syndrome · acute tubulointerstitial nephritis · alcoholic pancreatitis · anemia · anemia due to chronic disorder · anemia, nonspherocytic hemolytic · aphthous stomatitis · azoospermia · biliary atresia · bipolar depression · breast fibrosis · breast neoplasm · calcinosis · central nervous system neoplasm · cerebrovascular disorder · childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia · chronic pancreatitis · chronic renal failure syndrome · cirrhosis of liver · cognitive impairment with or without cerebellar ataxia · congestive heart failure · coronary artery disorder · Crohn disease · Duchenne muscular dystrophy · Eisenmenger syndrome · erectile dysfunction · head and neck neoplasm · hepatitis C virus infection · hepatobiliary disorder · Hodgkins lymphoma · infertility disorder · irritable bowel syndrome · long COVID-19 · lumbar disk disease · lupus nephritis · metastatic malignant neoplasm in the brain · mucocutaneous leishmaniasis · necrotizing enterocolitis · neonatal sepsis · nephrotic syndrome · obesity disorder · oral submucous fibrosis · osteoradionecrosis · osteoradionecrosis of the mandible · pancreatitis · patent ductus arteriosus · peripheral neuropathy · peripheral vertigo · Plasmodium falciparum malaria · polycystic ovary syndrome · primary biliary cholangitis · protein-energy malnutrition · pulmonary sarcoidosis · radiation pneumonitis · radiation-induced plexopathy · radiculopathy · schizophrenia · substance-related disorder · tropical spastic paraparesis · type 2 diabetes mellitus · viral pneumonia · acute coronary syndrome · bacterial sexually transmitted disease · brain hypoxia - ischemia · chemotherapy-induced neuropathy · cisplatin toxicity · colorectal carcinoma · disease of orbital part of eye adnexa · doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy · endometriosis · epilepsy · inflammatory bowel disease · intermittent vascular claudication · liver failure · mucositis · osteoarthritis, knee · Parkinson disease · peripheral arterial occlusive disease 1 · psoriasis · rheumatoid arthritis · skin atrophy · vascular disorder
Investigated by
Tanta University · Ain Shams University · University Health Network, Toronto · Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India · National Taiwan University Hospital · Indiana University
+115 more · M.D. Anderson Cancer Center · National Cancer Institute (NCI) · National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) · Al-Azhar University · Arak University of Medical Sciences · Beni-Suef University · Hawler Medical University · Mansoura University · Mayo Clinic · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) · National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan · Princess Margaret Hospital, Canada · Prokrea BCN, S.L. · Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust · Sadat City University · Shaare Zedek Medical Center · The Cleveland Clinic · University of Alabama at Birmingham · University of Louisville · Abbott Nutrition · Alexandria University · Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine · American College of Gastroenterology · Anhui Provincial Hospital · Asmaa Abdelfattah Elsayed · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · Assiut University · AstraZeneca · Bangladesh Medical University · Baylor College of Medicine · Beijing Tiantan Hospital · Benha University · CSPC Ouyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. · Case Western Reserve University · Cedars-Sinai Medical Center · Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico · Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente · Community Research Initiative of New England · Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico · Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group · Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Mexico · DaVita, Inc. · El Galaa Teaching Hospital · Erasmus Medical Center · Federal University of Bahia · Fresenius Medical Care North America · Henry Ford Health System · Hoechst Marion Roussel · Hospital Civil Juan I. Menchaca · Hospital Civil de Guadalajara · Hospital General de Mexico · Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos · Hospital Vall d'Hebron · Iain Bressendorff · InCor Heart Institute · Inje University · Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez · Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT) · Instituto de Investigacion en Cancer de la Infancia y la Adolescencia · International Center for Training and Medical Research · Ipekyolu Ilac Ltd. Sti · Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa · James Graham Brown Cancer Center · Legacy Health System · Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center · Mack Mitchell · Mahmoud Samy Abdallah · Malaysia Palm Oil Board · Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust · MetroHealth Medical Center · Misr University for Science and Technology · Mst.Sumyara Khatun · National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom · National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) · all 121 on the full record

Regulatory milestones approvals, filings & regulatory actions · 1 recorded

MilestoneJurisdictionBrandIndicationDateSentence it was read from
Approved US (FDA) TRENTAL — 1984-08-30 fda.gov ↗

Trials 118 · started per year

today
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PhaseRegistry idDatesIndicationSponsorStatusOutcome
Phase 08 trials · 1 missed
Phase 0 NCT07086794 Nov 2025 → Feb 2028 expected substance-related disorder William Stoops Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT05178953 Aug 2021 → Jan 2022 male infertility Arak University of Medical Sciences Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT04417049 Jul → Nov 2021 bipolar depression University Health Network, Toronto Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT03800433 Oct 2019 → Apr 2020 anemia Ain Shams University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT03476564 May → Sep 2018 female infertility Benha University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT02953275 Apr 2017 → Mar 2019 Crohn disease University of Miami Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT02992678 Dec 2016 → Jun 2017 pancreatitis Anhui Provincial Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 0 NCT01292005 Apr 2009 → Jul 2012 acute pancreatitis Mayo Clinic Completed Missed primary
Phase 16 trials
Phase 1 NCT06087796 Oct 2023 → Sep 2024 alopecia areata Assiut University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT03723291 Sep 2019 → Dec 2021 — University College, London Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00205049 Mar 2005 → Nov 2006 alcoholic hepatitis University of Wisconsin, Madison Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 1 NCT00593658 Jun 2004 → Oct 2006 hepatopulmonary syndrome University of Alabama at Birmingham Terminated No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00019058 Apr 1995 → ? central nervous system neoplasm National Cancer Institute (NCI) Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT00000646 ? → Mar 1993 HIV infectious disease National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/27 trials
Phase 1/2 NCT06903689 Apr → Oct 2025 overdue calcinosis, chronic renal failure syndrome Mansoura University Not yet recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT06344390 Apr → Oct 2024 cognitive impairment with or without cerebellar ataxia The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT04433988 Nov → Dec 2022 COVID-19 Sadat City University Withdrawn No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT05324735 Dec 2021 → May 2022 major depressive disorder Hawler Medical University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT05271084 Nov 2021 → Feb 2022 major depressive disorder Hawler Medical University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT04094207 Jan 2019 → Sep 2021 schizophrenia Sadat City University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00102453 Mar 2002 → Jul 2006 Duchenne muscular dystrophy Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 235 trials · 3 met primary · 6 missed
Phase 2 NCT06634056 Jun 2026 → Nov 2031 expected non-small cell lung carcinoma, radiation pneumonitis University Health Network, Toronto Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06912763 Aug 2025 → Mar 2031 expected head and neck cancer, lymphedema M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06944704 Apr 2025 → Mar 2026 hepatobiliary disorder Tanta University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06494111 Feb 2025 → May 2029 expected lymphedema M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT05795647 Feb 2024 → Apr 2027 expected osteonecrosis of the jaw University Hospital, Limoges Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT04186559 Feb → Nov 2024 Behcet disease Silk Road Therapies, Inc. Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT06087237 Oct 2023 → Jun 2024 female breast carcinoma Mansoura University Completed Met primary
Phase 2 NCT05897372 Aug 2023 → Sep 2024 diabetic kidney disease Iain Bressendorff Terminated No outcome recorded Stop: Enrollment
Phase 2 NCT05231980 Jun 2022 → May 2023 polycystic ovary syndrome Ain Shams University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT03830164 Nov 2019 → Nov 2022 erectile dysfunction, prostate adenocarcinoma M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2/311 trials · 2 missed
Phase 2/3 NCT07669584 Oct 2025 → Oct 2027 expected azoospermia Prokrea BCN, S.L. Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT05971667 Jul → Oct 2023 — Beni-Suef University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT05513560 May 2023 → Mar 2025 long COVID-19 University Health Network, Toronto Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT06040489 Jun 2022 → Jun 2024 mucocutaneous leishmaniasis University of Brasilia Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT05189535 Oct 2021 → Sep 2023 female breast carcinoma, peripheral neuropathy Ain Shams University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT02951299 May → Jun 2017 acute kidney injury Taipei Medical University Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT02451774 Jan 2015 → Dec 2019 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Ramón Óscar González-Ramella, Ph.D Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT01809132 Sep 2013 → Oct 2018 alcoholic hepatitis Mack Mitchell Completed Missed primary
Phase 2/3 NCT01381055 Mar 2012 → Jan 2015 cutaneous leishmaniasis Paulo Roberto Lima Machado Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3 NCT01464242 Nov 2011 → Jan 2015 cutaneous leishmaniasis International Center for Training and Medical Research Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 316 trials · 3 met primary · 1 missed
Phase 3 NCT06055257 Jan 2025 → Dec 2027 expected osteoradionecrosis of the mandible Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT07499817 Oct 2023 → Apr 2026 overdue female infertility Beni-Suef University Recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT05284448 Feb → Sep 2022 metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis Al-Azhar University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT05487755 Feb 2022 → Mar 2023 diabetic kidney disease Tanta University Completed Met primary
Phase 3 NCT05284656 Jan 2022 → Jun 2026 overdue chronic kidney disease Al-Azhar University Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT04152980 Jan 2020 → Oct 2022 neonatal sepsis Erasmus Medical Center Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT04217733 Nov 2019 → Dec 2030 expected irritable bowel syndrome Tanta University Recruiting Met primary
Phase 3 NCT03040778 Apr 2018 → May 2026 overdue osteonecrosis of the jaw University of Washington Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 3 NCT02487225 May 2015 → Apr 2017 acute pancreatitis, alcoholic pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis Mayo Clinic Completed Missed primary
Phase 3 NCT01291433 Mar 2011 → May 2017 radiation-induced plexopathy Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 415 trials · 2 met primary
Phase 4 NCT06265389 Mar → Aug 2024 — Tanta University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT05583266 Nov 2022 → Mar 2023 cerebrovascular disorder Beijing Tiantan Hospital Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT05490953 Jul 2022 → Dec 2023 Hodgkins lymphoma University of Guadalajara Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT04910178 Dec 2020 → Dec 2021 NAFLD1, type 2 diabetes mellitus Asmaa Abdelfattah Elsayed Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT03859570 Sep 2020 → Dec 2021 lupus nephritis MetroHealth Medical Center Withdrawn No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 4 NCT04391231 Jun 2020 → Jun 2022 anemia, nonspherocytic hemolytic, heart failure Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Withdrawn No outcome recorded Stop: Business
Phase 4 NCT05660694 Jan 2020 → Sep 2021 neoplasm, oral submucous fibrosis Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT03625648 Nov 2019 → Jan 2028 expected diabetic kidney disease VA Office of Research and Development Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT03060434 Jun 2018 → Dec 2022 overdue lumbar disk disease, radiculopathy St Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon Active not recruiting No outcome recorded
Phase 4 NCT02368457 Feb 2016 osteoradionecrosis Hospital Vall d'Hebron Completed No outcome recorded
Phase not applicable20 trials · 1 missed
— NCT07252518 Oct 2025 → Jul 2026 overdue male infertility Mst.Sumyara Khatun Recruiting No outcome recorded
— NCT07085806 Jan → Jul 2025 overdue — Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India Recruiting No outcome recorded
— NCT07561801 Jul 2024 → Jun 2025 acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, chronic kidney disease Tanta University Completed No outcome recorded
— NCT06041932 Nov 2023 → Aug 2024 cirrhosis of liver Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India Unknown No outcome recorded
— NCT07315139 Feb → Aug 2023 chronic kidney disease Ain Shams University Completed No outcome recorded
— NCT05708248 Feb → Jul 2023 — Alexandria University Unknown No outcome recorded
— NCT05502952 Jul 2022 → Jul 2023 alopecia areata Sohag University Unknown No outcome recorded
— NCT05611268 Jun 2022 → Sep 2024 overdue Eisenmenger syndrome University of Sao Paulo General Hospital Recruiting No outcome recorded
— NCT05373134 May 2022 → Apr 2023 hepatopulmonary syndrome Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India Unknown No outcome recorded
— NCT05156684 Jan 2022 infertility disorder Arak University of Medical Sciences Unknown No outcome recorded
Comparator or background therapy54 trials
Phase 0 NCT05590117 Comparator Oct 2022 → Oct 2023 colorectal cancer, mucositis, peripheral neuropathy Tanta University Unknown No outcome recorded
Phase 1 NCT03836222 Comparator Feb → Jun 2018 — Processa Pharmaceuticals Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT06332612 Comparator Aug → Dec 2024 oral submucous fibrosis Ziauddin University Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 1/2 NCT00243789 Comparator Sep 2005 → Dec 2007 Duchenne muscular dystrophy Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Completed No outcome recorded
Phase 2 NCT07349472 Comparator Jan 2026 → Jan 2027 expected inflammatory bowel disease Ihab Elsayed Hassan Recruiting No outcome recorded

Evidence & citations 14 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 183 sources stand behind the page.

FieldValueCited text
Known as Pentoxifylline “A Phase I, Single Centre, Open-Label, Non-Randomised Study to Evaluate the PK of Single and Optional Multiple Dosing Regimens of MR Formulations of PCS499 Compared to Trental®...” NCT03836222 ↗
168

“23 patients will receive the intervention drug Pentoxifylline (Trental 400 milligram(MG) Extended Release Oral Tablet) twice daily in addition their usual dose of...” NCT03800433 ↗

“standard heparin / low molecular weight heparin, hemorheological / vasodilators such as pentoxifylline / buflomedil, propionyl-L-carnitine, Defibrotide) but not prostanoids” NCT01718288 ↗

“Topical Solution of Clonidine (0.01%) + Pentoxifylline (5%) in anhydrous ethanol (6.5%), polyethylene glycol 400 (20%), propylene glycol (53.5%), and oleyl alcohol (20%)” NCT03342950 ↗

“the active substance pentoxifylline has been available as tablets for decades and is used to increase peripheral blood flow in patients with circulation problems.” NCT06986031 ↗

“In this study, we investigated if pentoxifylline (PTX) and ethosuximide could potentially alleviate abdominal pain in patients with IBS treated with mebeverine.” PMID 35221706 ↗ Feb 2022

“Gel PKB171 contains pentoxifylline, which is used in assisted reproduction to treat sperm samples because of its ability to improve progressive sperm mobility” NCT07669584 ↗

“The appetite stimulating arm will include a medication known as "pentoxifylline" (also known as Trental™) and the dose will be 400 mg daily or its placebo.” NCT00561093 ↗

“Trental (pentoxifylline) 400 milligrams three times a day in combination with vitamin E, 400 international units orally twice daily for six months.” NCT01082003 ↗

“Standard of care treatment will be with either prednisolone 40 mg/day for 28 days or pentoxifylline 400 mg TID for 28 days.” NCT02776059 ↗

“800 mg pentoxifylline (400 mg morning and night)” NCT06055257 ↗

Show 158 more sources

Known as oxpentifylline “Pentoxifylline (also known as oxpentifylline) is a methylxanthine derivative with strong hemorrheologic effects.” NCT06998628 ↗
2

“Pentoxifylline (also known as oxpentifylline)” NCT00315679 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (also known as oxpentifylline)” NCT07085806 ↗

Known as Pentoxifylline, generic “Pentoxifylline, generic” NCT01809132 ↗
Known as Pentoxiphyllin ClinicalTrials.gov intervention name — accepted as the source's own label NCT01279434 ↗
Known as POF “Pentoxifylline (POF), a xanthine derivative used for many years in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease” NCT00001877 ↗
Known as PTF “The purpose of the investigators study is to assess the impact of therapy with Pentoxifylline (PTF), a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on kidney function in patients...” NCT00285298 ↗
2

“Pentoxifylline (PTF) is a synthetic dimethylxanthine derivative that modulates the rheological properties of blood and has both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.” NCT06421870 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (PTF) appears to improve circulation through its ability to alter erythrocyte deformability and enhances capillary microcirculation.” NCT05284656 ↗

Known as PTX “This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to prospectively examine the effect of pentoxifylline (PTX) on hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α)...” PMID 39499142 ↗ Nov 2024
35

“We aimed to clinically investigate the extra-therapeutic effect of adding therapeutic doses of pentoxifylline (PTX) and/or folic acid (FA) for CKD patients to the standard care...” PMID 40826392 ↗ Aug 2025

“This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oral pentoxifylline (PTX), combined with standard antibiotic and supportive therapies, for treating hospitalized children with...” PMID 42086944 ↗ May 2026

“Our preliminary in vitro and in vivo research suggests that pentoxifylline (PTX) reduces vascular inflammation and improves endothelial function in HIV-infected persons not...” PMID 23593327 ↗ Apr 2013

“This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of pentoxifylline (PTX) in treatment of adult patients with MDD as it has anti-inflammatory and phosphodiastrase...” NCT03554447 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative and non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions.” NCT07349472 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine with promising immunomodulatory properties, which can be used as an additional therapy next to antibiotics in preterm infants.” PMID 34794420 ↗ Nov 2021

“The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) versus placebo on the histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).” PMID 21748765 ↗ Aug 2011

“Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and also has shown anti-fibrotic effects in serum of patients with PBC.” NCT01249092 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (PTX), a nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was first considered in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases (Nasiri-Toosi et al., 2013).” NCT05640817 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (PTX) has demonstrated potential in alleviating several adverse effects induced by chemotherapy in preclinical and limited clinical investigations.” PMID 41164763 ↗ Oct 2025

Show 25 more sources

Known as Trental “23 patients will receive the intervention drug Pentoxifylline (Trental 400 milligram(MG) Extended Release Oral Tablet) twice daily in addition their usual dose of...” NCT03800433 ↗
7

“The appetite stimulating arm will include a medication known as "pentoxifylline" (also known as Trental™) and the dose will be 400 mg daily or its placebo.” NCT00561093 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (Trental) as a Modulator of Tumor Necrosis Factor and of HIV Replication in Patients With AIDS” NCT00000646 ↗

“Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative that is commercially available in the name of Trental.” NCT06115174 ↗

NCT01508221 ↗

NCT03916068 ↗

NCT03836222 ↗

NCT01082003 ↗

Known as Trental SR “25 patients will receive pentoxifylline (Trental SR®) 400 mg three times daily with their standard therapy for 6 months.” NCT05284448 ↗
Known as trentoximal “They will be given pentoxifylline as reno-protective drug (trentoximal, Egypharma ; E.D.A Reg.No.: 25276/2007) was administered intravenously to Neonates with perinatal hypoxia...” NCT07088328 ↗
Action Inhibit “Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)” NCT00000646 ↗
Modality Small molecule “Pentoxifylline (POF), a xanthine derivative” NCT00001877 ↗
Route Oral “400 mg po TID” NCT00001437 ↗
Target TNF “Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)” NCT00000646 ↗