Nitrous Oxide

also known as N2O · Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen · Laughing gas · EMONO · Inhaled nitrous oxide · Nitrous Oxide + Oxygen Gas · SANO

Other / unclassified

Developed for: major depressive disorder · anxiety · abscess · cognitive disorder · depressive disorder · post-traumatic stress disorder · sickle cell disease · anxiety disorder
+13 more
· bipolar depression · dental pulp disorder · frozen shoulder · mental disorder · migraine disorder · neuropathy, painful · obsessive-compulsive disorder · tinnitus · bipolar disorder · cardiac valvular defect · complex regional pain syndrome · fibromyalgia · intermittent explosive disorder
Investigated by: Washington University School of Medicine · University Hospital, Tours · Albert Einstein Healthcare Network · University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand · Air Liquide · Austin Health
+100 more
· Bayside Health · Brain & Behavior Research Foundation · Columbia University · French National Institute of Health and Medical Research · Hospices Civils de Lyon · National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) · Stanford University · Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center · The Cleveland Clinic · Unity Health Toronto · University of Chicago · University of Colorado, Denver · Université d'Auvergne · Alexandra J. Berger Eberhardt, MD · American Foundation for Suicide Prevention · Anesthesia Clinical Trials Unit (Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management) · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris · Australia: Theapeutic Goods Administration · Baxter Healthcare Corporation · Baylor Research Institute · Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · Bnai Zion Medical Center · Bon Secours Pediatric Dental Associates · Boston Children's Hospital · Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) · Children's Hospital Colorado · Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota · Clalit Health Services · Czech Technical University in Prague · Emergency Medicine Foundation · Faculty Sao Leopoldo Mandic Campinas · Fluminense Federal University · Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research · Francisco Groppo · Geisinger Clinic · Hopital Foch · Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia · Kaplan Medical Center · Keith M Vogt · L'effet Papillon · La Trobe University · Latakia University · Lingjiang Li · London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's · Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital · Mashhad University of Medical Sciences · Medical University of Vienna · Meir Medical Center · Ministry of Health, France · Monash University · Nantes University Hospital · National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia · National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) · National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) · National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) · New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation · Nîmes University Hospital · Olivia Sher · Oregon Health and Science University · PPD Development, LP · Poitiers University Hospital · Praxair Distribution, Inc. · Rabin Medical Center · Research to Prevent Blindness · Rikshospitalet University Hospital · Robert L. Bacon Medical Foundation · Seoul National University Hospital · Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital · Sheba Medical Center · Society of Family Planning · Southern California Institute for Research and Education · Stanley Medical Research Institute · Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre · Tampere University · all 106 on the full record

Regulatory milestones approvals, filings & regulatory actions · 1 recorded

Milestone	Jurisdiction	Brand	Indication	Date	Sentence it was read from
Approved	US (FDA)	NITROUS OXIDE, USP	—	2013-06-16	fda.gov ↗

Trials 87 · started per year

today

US approved 2013

19971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025202620272028

Phase	Registry id	Dates	Indication	Sponsor	Status	Outcome
Phase 08 trials
Phase 0	NCT07245628	Oct 2025 → May 2028 expected	—	Alexandra J. Berger Eberhardt, MD	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT06702631	Jan 2025 → Sep 2026 expected	amnestic disorder	Keith M Vogt	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT05579288	Dec 2022 → Jun 2024	—	Sheba Medical Center	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT04305158	Mar 2022 → Aug 2023	—	University of Arkansas	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT06661005	May → Sep 2021	—	University of Arizona	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT03695887	Oct 2019 → Dec 2028 expected	—	University of Manitoba	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT02757521	Mar → Dec 2016	bipolar depression	Washington University School of Medicine	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 0	NCT02246517	Sep 2014 → Dec 2015	neuropathy, painful	Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 15 trials
Phase 1	NCT04884893	May → Sep 2021	—	Tampere University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT03736538	Oct 2018 → Sep 2026 expected	major depressive disorder	Washington University School of Medicine	Enrolling by invitation	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT02994433	Jan 2017 → Apr 2027 expected	major depressive disorder	Washington University School of Medicine	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01785030	Feb 2013 → Feb 2017	—	Columbia University	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01736020	Sep 2009 → Apr 2017	—	Southern California Institute for Research and Education	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 1/21 trial
Phase 1/2	NCT02899182	Apr 2016 → Mar 2017	—	Fluminense Federal University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 214 trials
Phase 2	NCT06382389	Sep 2026 → Sep 2028 expected	cognitive disorder, depressive disorder	University Hospital, Tours	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06636357	Jan 2025 → Sep 2026 expected	electroencephalographic peculiarity: fronto-precentral beta wave groups, hair anomaly	University of Zurich	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06430489	Jun 2024 → Dec 2025	—	University Hospital, Tours	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT07384988	Jan → Aug 2024	—	Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT04378426	Oct 2021 → Aug 2022	post-traumatic stress disorder	VA Office of Research and Development	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03826693	Apr 2021 → Sep 2026 expected	obsessive-compulsive disorder	Stanford University	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03932825	Apr 2019 → Mar 2021	major depressive disorder	Lingjiang Li	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03869736	Jan 2019 → Jun 2023	major depressive disorder	Bayside Health	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03375294	Apr 2018 → Jul 2019	post-traumatic stress disorder	Stanford University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT03283670	Nov 2016 → Feb 2020	major depressive disorder	Washington University School of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT01891812	Nov 2013 → Jan 2018	sickle cell disease	Columbia University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02139540	Nov 2012 → Apr 2015	major depressive disorder	Washington University School of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT01738672	Feb 2012 → Oct 2013	—	Ya'aqov Abrams	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000261	Nov 1997 → Oct 1998	alcohol-related disorders	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 2/33 trials
Phase 2/3	NCT04089852	Jun → Nov 2021	—	Boston Children's Hospital	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT03483194	Sep 2018 → Apr 2020	hematopoietic and lymphoid cell neoplasm	Weprom	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2/3	NCT00762372	Feb → Aug 2008	—	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 310 trials
Phase 3	NCT06498908	Mar 2026	—	Olivia Sher	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT07262008	Feb 2026 → Feb 2027 expected	major depressive disorder	Women's College Hospital	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT05383495	Dec 2023 → Dec 2025 overdue	—	London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute OR Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03728894	Nov 2018 → Jan 2019	—	Latakia University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03502915	Jan 2017 → Feb 2019	—	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01948115	Nov 2013 → Dec 2015	—	Nantes University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00643357	Mar 2008 → Jan 2009	—	Air Liquide	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00392522	Nov 2006 → ?	—	Hospices Civils de Lyon	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00219713	Mar 2000 → Dec 2004	—	Poitiers University Hospital	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00250692	—	—	University of California, Los Angeles	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 422 trials
Phase 4	NCT07387315	Feb → Nov 2026 expected	overactive bladder	TriHealth Inc.	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05895383	May 2023 → Jan 2027 expected	anxiety	Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04957368	Nov 2021 → Feb 2024	major depressive disorder	Unity Health Toronto	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03941990	Nov 2019 → Apr 2020	anxiety	University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT04083105	Jul 2019 → Jul 2021	—	Children's Hospital Colorado	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03847922	Feb 2019 → Jul 2020	female stress incontinence	Baylor Research Institute	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03228628	Oct 2017 → Jun 2018	anxiety	University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03435055	Jul 2017 → Oct 2019	—	University of Michigan	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02985697	Jan 2017 → Jan 2018	—	Bon Secours Pediatric Dental Associates	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03365011	Oct 2016 → Jun 2017	tinnitus	Washington University School of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02701478	Jan → Dec 2016	—	Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02243826	Jul 2014 → Oct 2015	—	University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand	Unknown	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01087229	Mar 2010 → Sep 2013	frozen shoulder	Nîmes University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00967694	Aug 2009 → Oct 2011	glaucoma	Oregon Health and Science University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00834730	Jan → Dec 2009	—	Seoul National University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00547209	Oct 2007 → Nov 2009	—	Hopital Foch	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02671578	Nov 2006 → Nov 2007	anxiety	Francisco Groppo	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00321191	May → Sep 2006	—	Austin Health	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00318825	Apr 2006 → Sep 2008	—	Rikshospitalet University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00146250	Mar → Jul 2005	—	Austin Health	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00482456	Jan 2005 → Mar 2007	—	Medical University of Vienna	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00164047	Apr 2003 → Dec 2004	—	Bayside Health	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase not applicable24 trials
—	NCT07491874	May 2026 → May 2028 expected	cervical incompetence	Kaplan Medical Center	Not yet recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT07618676	Jun 2025 → Jun 2026 overdue	anxiety	Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT06557642	Jul 2024 → Aug 2025 overdue	depressive disorder	University of Oxford	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05890898	Sep 2023 → Jul 2024	—	Geisinger Clinic	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05007028	Nov 2021 → Dec 2024	mental disorder	University Hospital, Tours	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04199143	Feb 2020 → Jun 2021	—	University Hospital, Tours	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04050267	Apr 2019	poisoning	Czech Technical University in Prague	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02886351	Jan 2017 → Jan 2018	anxiety	Bnai Zion Medical Center	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03127371	Sep 2016 → Apr 2021	abscess	Albert Einstein Healthcare Network	Terminated	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02755090	Jul 2016 → May 2017	—	University of New Mexico	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02410707	Feb 2015 → Feb 2018	abscess	Albert Einstein Healthcare Network	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01616004	Oct 2014 → Aug 2015	—	Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02145169	Oct 2013 → Apr 2016	—	Albert Einstein Healthcare Network	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01911351	Jul 2013 → Jun 2014	abscess	New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01636999	Sep 2012 → Sep 2014	—	West Penn Allegheny Health System	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01622335	May 2012 → Dec 2022	—	The Cleveland Clinic	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01622322	May 2012 → Dec 2023	hernia, double inguinal	The Cleveland Clinic	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01287052	Jun 2011 → Aug 2014	migraine disorder	Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02024594	Oct 2009 → Jul 2010	anxiety disorder	Mashhad University of Medical Sciences	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00874172	Oct 2009 → Oct 2012	sickle cell disease	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00901394	Mar 2009 → Jan 2010	congenital anomaly of cardiovascular system	Washington University School of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT01022294	Jan 2009 → Dec 2011	dental pulp disorder	University of Aarhus	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00212147	Sep 2003 → Aug 2008	cognitive disorder, vitamin B deficiency	National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000260	Jun 1997 → Jan 1998	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded

Also used as a comparator or background therapy in 64 trials

Phase	Registry id	Dates	Indication	Sponsor	Status	Outcome
Phase 01 trial
Phase 0	NCT03165500 Comparator	Dec 2015 → Dec 2016	anxiety disorder	São Paulo State University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 12 trials
Phase 1	NCT06867068 Comparator	Oct 2016 → Jun 2024	—	Albert Einstein College of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 1	NCT01581450 Comparator	Jan → Apr 2012	—	Air Liquide	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 211 trials
Phase 2	NCT05710887 Comparator	Feb 2026	major depressive disorder	University of Chicago	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT06118567 Comparator	Sep 2022 → Aug 2027 expected	intermittent explosive disorder	Ohio State University	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT05357066 Comparator	Nov 2021 → Feb 2026	fibromyalgia	University of Chicago	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT05357040 Comparator	Jun 2021 → Feb 2026	major depressive disorder	University of Chicago	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT02351869 Comparator	Aug 2015 → Feb 2020	bipolar disorder	Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000255 Comparator	Apr 1995 → May 1996	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000254 Comparator	Jan → Sep 1995	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000252 Comparator	Jun 1994 → Jun 1996	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000251 Comparator	Apr 1994 → Jan 1996	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000250 Comparator	Dec 1993 → May 1995	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 2	NCT00000249 Comparator	Sep 1993 → Jun 1995	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 36 trials
Phase 3	NCT05126459 Background	Feb 2022 → Apr 2023	anxiety, dental caries	Loma Linda University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03879538 Comparator	Jul 2019 → Jul 2022	complex regional pain syndrome	The Cleveland Clinic	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT03525821 Background	Jul 2018 → Sep 2020	—	Fondation Lenval	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT01735669 Comparator	Jul 2012 → Apr 2013	neonatal compartment syndrome, pregnancy disorder	Hospital de Cruces	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00948103 Comparator	Sep 2008 → Dec 2011	miliaria vesiculosa	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 3	NCT00781352 Comparator	Nov 1998 → Nov 2003	colorectal cancer	The Cleveland Clinic	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase 412 trials
Phase 4	NCT05396144 Comparator	May 2024 → Aug 2025	—	Stanford University	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05883332 Comparator	Jan → Mar 2023	—	Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05430750 Comparator	Jun 2022 → Apr 2023	—	Sir Ganga Ram Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT05803096 Comparator	Dec 2021 → Sep 2022	anxiety, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate adenocarcinoma	Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03467750 Background	Jul 2018 → Aug 2023	obstructive sleep apnea syndrome	Emory University	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03513757 Background	Mar → Aug 2018	epilepsy, headache disorder, hydrocephalus, neoplasm +1	Medical College of Wisconsin	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT03085563 Comparator	May 2017 → Nov 2018	—	University of Colorado, Denver	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02703233 Comparator	Mar 2016 → Mar 2018	abscess	Christiana Care Health Services	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT02489097 Comparator	Sep 2013 → May 2016	cognitive disorder	University Hospital, Geneva	Terminated	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT01705743 Comparator	Sep 2012 → Sep 2013	—	Huazhong University of Science and Technology	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00706277 Comparator	Jun → Dec 2008	—	Medical University Innsbruck	Completed	No outcome recorded
Phase 4	NCT00226837 Comparator	Aug 2004 → Aug 2005	—	Melbourne Health	Completed	No outcome recorded

Phase not applicable32 trials
—	NCT07473206 Comparator	Mar → Sep 2026 expected	—	Ospedale degli Infermi di Biella	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT06539013 Comparator	Aug → Sep 2024 overdue	—	Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT07557576 Background	May 2024 → Aug 2026 overdue	cleft lip/palate	Iva Smiljanić	Recruiting	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05388942 Comparator	Oct 2022 → Oct 2023	—	Reims University Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05510141 Comparator	Aug 2022 → Oct 2024	—	Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT05167331 Comparator	Feb 2022 → Nov 2024	—	University Hospital, Strasbourg, France	Terminated	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04008628 Comparator	Dec 2021 → Aug 2023	—	Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04749043 Comparator	Feb 2021 → Dec 2023	—	Brendan Carvalho	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04310748 Comparator	May → Oct 2020	—	Bezmialem Vakif University	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03956264 Comparator	Sep 2019 → Jul 2020	cardiac valvular defect	CMC Ambroise Paré	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT04185233 Comparator	Apr 2018 → May 2020	anxiety	University Hospital, Geneva	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT03420586 Comparator	Feb 2018 → Jul 2021	—	General Hospital Zadar	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02783508 Comparator	Aug 2016 → May 2019	—	HaEmek Medical Center, Israel	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02534012 Background	May 2016 → Apr 2022	—	Makassed General Hospital	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02736604 Comparator	May → Nov 2016	female breast carcinoma	Tata Memorial Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02460055 Comparator	Mar → Jun 2016	lung disorder	Baylor College of Medicine	Withdrawn	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02326727 Comparator	Apr 2015 → Apr 2017	colonic neoplasm	Hillel Yaffe Medical Center	Unknown	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02355678 Background	Jan → Aug 2015	—	Makassed General Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02236260 Background	Sep 2014 → Jun 2017	Parkinson disease	Nantes University Hospital	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02005354 Comparator	Feb → Dec 2014	—	University Hospital Plymouth NHS Trust	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02050152 Comparator	May → Oct 2013	amnestic disorder	State University of New York at Buffalo	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT02109510 Comparator	Nov 2012 → Sep 2013	pneumothorax	Korea University	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00717574 Comparator	Mar 2008 → Oct 2010	—	University of Oklahoma	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00655980 Comparator	Feb 2008 → Dec 2016	coronary artery disorder	Washington University School of Medicine	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000264 Comparator	Sep 1997 → Oct 1999	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000263 Comparator	Jan 1997 → Oct 1998	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000262 Comparator	Nov 1996 → Feb 1999	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000259 Comparator	Aug 1996 → Nov 1997	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000258 Comparator	Apr 1996 → Nov 1997	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000257 Comparator	Sep 1995 → Apr 1997	alcohol-related disorders	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000256 Comparator	Aug 1995 → Nov 1996	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded
—	NCT00000253 Comparator	Nov 1994 → Mar 1996	substance-related disorder	University of Chicago	Completed	No outcome recorded

Evidence & citations 11 cited values

Every value below carries the sentence it was read from. 157 sources stand behind the page.

Field	Value	Cited text
Known as	Nitrous oxide	“Nitrous oxide inhalation was preferable to injectable ketamine for pediatric patients because it is safe, allows for a faster recovery, maintains sufficient sedation time, and...” PMID 23187987 ↗ Dec 2012 137 “Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used since the 19th century for its analgesic, antinociceptive and anxiolytic effects during surgical procedures in awake and anaesthetised patients.” PMID 33399383 ↗ May 2021 “All patients will receive injectable paracetamol for pain relief, a mix of nitrous oxide 50% and oxygen 50% for analgesia and lidocaine hydrochloride for local anesthesia.” NCT02236260 ↗ “Anesthesia is maintained by 1-1.5% sevoflurane, 0.5 µg/kg/h fentanyl, 0.05 mg/kg/h nimbex, 60% nitrous oxide and 40% oxygen.” NCT02534012 ↗ “The purpose of this study is to conduct experiments to examine subjective and reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide.” NCT00000250 ↗ “The purpose of this study is to conduct experiments to examine subjective and reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide.” NCT00000253 ↗ “The purpose of this study is to conduct experiments to examine subjective and reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide.” NCT00000257 ↗ “The purpose of this study is to conduct experiments to examine subjective and reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide.” NCT00000256 ↗ “The purpose of this study is to conduct experiments to examine subjective and reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide.” NCT00000249 ↗ “Nitrous oxide, an inhalant agent used extensively In anesthesia, also have antagonist property of NMDA receptors.” NCT02246517 ↗ “administeration via inhalation of Nitrous oxide/oxygen (30-50% N2O/ 70-50% O2) via inhalation” NCT05126459 ↗ “Maintenance with sevoflurane 1-3%, fentanyl (1-2 µg kg-1), nitrous oxide 70% and oxygen 30%.” NCT02355678 ↗ “New interest in the psychiatric benefits of nitrous oxide (N2O) has only recently emerged.” PMID 40669910 ↗ Jul 2025 “Equimolar Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide (50%O2 / 50%N2O) Active drug: Nitrous Oxide” NCT06382389 ↗ “All patients will undergo inhalational induction with nitrous oxide and sevoflurane.” NCT03467750 ↗ “Researchers will compare ENTONOX (50% nitrous oxide: 50% oxygen) with medical air.” NCT06557642 ↗ “The reduction of the fracture will be done under inhalation of nitrous oxide” NCT03525821 ↗ “Active Drug: EMONO (Equimolar Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide)” NCT05007028 ↗ “Gas mixture composed of 50% Nitrous Oxide and 50% Oxygen” NCT03956264 ↗ “a gas mixture composed of 50% Nitrous Oxide, 50% Oxygen” NCT03483194 ↗ “Nitrous oxide inhalation with initial output of 9 L/min” NCT00874172 ↗ “Nitrous oxide is a widely used general anesthetic pas.” NCT00717574 ↗ “uptake of nitrous oxide (N2O) by the lungs” NCT00321191 ↗ NCT02994433 ↗ NCT02351869 ↗ NCT05388942 ↗ NCT02243826 ↗ NCT04083105 ↗ NCT00781352 ↗ NCT07245628 ↗ NCT07387315 ↗ NCT02736604 ↗ NCT01087229 ↗ NCT00392522 ↗ NCT02005354 ↗ NCT07557576 ↗ NCT04089852 ↗ NCT03932825 ↗ NCT01891812 ↗ NCT03879538 ↗ NCT00948103 ↗ NCT02899182 ↗ NCT03502915 ↗ NCT02671578 ↗ NCT05895383 ↗ NCT03513757 ↗ NCT00967694 ↗ NCT05357066 ↗ NCT02460055 ↗ NCT01738672 ↗ NCT05357040 ↗ NCT00212147 ↗ NCT06118567 ↗ NCT03869736 ↗ NCT04749043 ↗ NCT03736538 ↗ NCT02050152 ↗ NCT03127371 ↗ NCT05710887 ↗ NCT02985697 ↗ NCT02145169 ↗ NCT04185233 ↗ NCT05383495 ↗ NCT00250692 ↗ NCT04378426 ↗ NCT07262008 ↗ NCT07384988 ↗ NCT00482456 ↗ NCT01736020 ↗ NCT03283670 ↗ NCT04884893 ↗ NCT00226837 ↗ NCT02755090 ↗ NCT01735669 ↗ NCT05396144 ↗ NCT01287052 ↗ NCT01705743 ↗ NCT04050267 ↗ NCT02757521 ↗ NCT03695887 ↗ NCT01622322 ↗ NCT05890898 ↗ NCT01622335 ↗ NCT00655980 ↗ NCT02326727 ↗ NCT06430489 ↗ NCT04305158 ↗ NCT02410707 ↗ NCT03941990 ↗ NCT06867068 ↗ NCT00643357 ↗ NCT03435055 ↗ NCT05803096 ↗ NCT03228628 ↗ NCT02139540 ↗ NCT03420586 ↗ NCT00706277 ↗ NCT03365011 ↗ NCT02489097 ↗ NCT00146250 ↗ NCT05430750 ↗ NCT05167331 ↗ NCT01911351 ↗ NCT03085563 ↗ NCT00762372 ↗ NCT01948115 ↗ NCT05510141 ↗ NCT05579288 ↗ NCT03826693 ↗ NCT01636999 ↗ NCT00164047 ↗ NCT06498908 ↗ NCT03375294 ↗ NCT00901394 ↗ NCT02783508 ↗ NCT00000264 ↗ NCT01785030 ↗ NCT00000263 ↗ NCT00000262 ↗ NCT00000261 ↗ NCT06661005 ↗ NCT00000260 ↗ NCT00000259 ↗ NCT00000258 ↗ NCT00000255 ↗ NCT04957368 ↗ NCT00000254 ↗ NCT00219713 ↗ NCT01581450 ↗ NCT06702631 ↗ NCT00547209 ↗ NCT02886351 ↗ NCT03165500 ↗ NCT04008628 ↗ NCT05883332 ↗ NCT00318825 ↗ NCT02703233 ↗ NCT07473206 ↗
Known as	EMONO	“We hypothesized that the antidepressant response to an Equimolar Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide (EMONO) would be associated with changes in cerebral connectivity and brain...” PMID 37592013 ↗ Aug 2023
Known as	Inhaled nitrous oxide	ClinicalTrials.gov intervention name — accepted as the source's own label NCT07491874 ↗
Known as	Laughing gas	“Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor, used for its analgesic and anesthetic properties in medical and...” NCT06498908 ↗ 2 “There are some compelling reasons to question the routine use of nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as "laughing gas".” NCT00164047 ↗ “Inhalation of Nitrous oxide (Laughing gas) + intravenous saline” NCT07262008 ↗
Known as	N2O	“Patients receive inhaled nitrous oxide (N₂O) administered through a buccal-nasal mask starting approximately 5 minutes before the outpatient hysteroscopy procedure and...” NCT07473206 ↗ 38 “Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has the advantages of being a sedative agent that does not require a painful injection and that offers shallower levels of sedation and a rapid recovery...” PMID 23187987 ↗ Dec 2012 “Women were assigned according to a balanced (1:1) restricted randomization design to inhale either nitrous oxide (N2 O) in a 50:50 mix with oxygen or medical air during the procedure.” PMID 31630398 ↗ Nov 2019 “an alternative method of providing analgesia with "on-demand" inhalation of nitrous oxide (hereafter referred to as N2O) combined with oxygen has been postulated.” NCT04305158 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) may offer a new therapeutic avenue with rapid and safe antidepressant effects in late-life depression with inadequate antidepressant response.” PMID 42005916 ↗ Apr 2026 “Nitrous oxide (N2O) is used as an inhalative gas during anesthesia, labour and at some dentist practices, most frequent in a fixed 50:50 combination with O2.” NCT00318825 ↗ “different concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) have different antidepressant effects for adults with treatment-resistant major depression.” NCT03283670 ↗ “This study aims at investigating the persistence of antidepressant effect of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) for Treatment-Resistant Depression(TRD).” NCT03932825 ↗ “This study is designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) on the pain induced during lumbar puncture.” NCT02243826 ↗ “Several lines of reasoning suggest that nitrous oxide (N2O) is an ideal medication to study as a potential treatment” PMID 32637725 ↗ Jun 2020 “Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a gas that is normally used to take away pain and anxiety during painful medical procedures.” NCT01785030 ↗ “There are some compelling reasons to question the routine use of nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as "laughing gas".” NCT00164047 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) has analgesic and sedative properties but may potentially increase the incidence of PONV.” NCT02736604 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) anesthesia may be associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.” NCT00655980 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) has analgesic and anxiolytic properties that are known for more than a century.” NCT03941990 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) has analgesic and anxiolytic properties that are known for more than a century.” NCT03228628 ↗ “New interest in the psychiatric benefits of nitrous oxide (N2O) has only recently emerged.” PMID 40669910 ↗ Jul 2025 “Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used for the treatment of labor pains for over 150 years.” NCT01636999 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) was first isolated in 1772 by the English chemist Joseph Priestly” NCT06661005 ↗ “Patients were randomized to nitrous oxide (N(2)O)-based or N(2)O-free anaesthesia.” PMID 18682411 ↗ Aug 2008 “Ventilation of the patients was provided with a mixture of 40% oxygen and 60% N2O.” NCT04310748 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) offers both hypnotic and analgesic characteristics.” PMID 24486835 ↗ Jan 2014 “nitrous oxide (N2O, a common anesthetic agent)” NCT00212147 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a way of treating pain” NCT01891812 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O/O2) for pain alleviation” NCT05579288 ↗ “Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas” NCT05430750 ↗ “20% inhaled N2O” NCT00000249 ↗ “N2O” NCT02899182 ↗ NCT06539013 ↗ NCT01616004 ↗ NCT02109510 ↗ NCT02246517 ↗ NCT03728894 ↗ NCT00000257 ↗ NCT00321191 ↗ NCT00000253 ↗ NCT00000252 ↗ NCT00000251 ↗ NCT00000250 ↗
Known as	Nitrous Oxide + Oxygen Gas	ClinicalTrials.gov intervention name — accepted as the source's own label NCT03847922 ↗
Known as	Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen	ClinicalTrials.gov intervention name — accepted as the source's own label NCT02024594 ↗ 3 NCT01022294 ↗ NCT07618676 ↗ NCT04199143 ↗
Known as	SANO	“Whether self-administered low dose (20-45%) nitrous oxide (SANO) reduces intraoperative anxiety and catastrophizing during office vasectomy.” NCT07245628 ↗
Action	Inhibit	“N2O inhibits vitamin B12-dependent enzymes” NCT00655980 ↗
Modality	Other / unclassified	“Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a gas that is normally used to take away pain and anxiety during painful medical procedures.” NCT01785030 ↗
Route	Inhaled	“20% inhaled N2O” NCT00000249 ↗